The content of this chapter focuses in more detail on the development of international trade from a historical point of view, mapping its development from its beginnings until now. Attention is paid mainly to the development of economic theories related to international trade and their individual stages (mercantilism, traditional political economy, or neoclassical economy). The text also deals with the current trends in international trade related both to the development of international trade in goods and international trade in services within the EU as well as globally. The chapter further analyses three major leaders in the field of international trade that show large volumes of trade, specifically China, the USA, and Germany. Finally, the chapter acquaints the readers with interesting studies and their results achieved by many researchers that deal with the issue of international trade.