Theses on a related topic (having the same keywords):
low-energy, rodinny dum, dokumentace stavby, porotherm, working, nizkoenergeticky, detached house, funkcni, building documentationKeywords ordered alphabetically | Keywords ordered by occurrence rate
51.
Mihalik, Zdeněk
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
52.
Mikšátko, Jan
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Moderní rodinný dům v Písku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Moderní rodinný dům v Písku | Theses on a related topic
53.
Monhartová, Karolína maiden name: Cynybulková
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Objekt pro bydlení pro dětskou SOS vesničku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Objekt pro bydlení pro dětskou SOS vesničku | Theses on a related topic
54.
Mrázková, Tereza
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný třígenerační dům v pasivním standardu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný třígenerační dům v pasivním standardu | Theses on a related topic
55.
Musil, Filip
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zděný nízkoenergetický dům | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zděný nízkoenergetický dům | Theses on a related topic
56.
Němeček, Jiří
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Architektonická studie a projekt pro stavební povolení rodinného domu, který nabízí vysoký komfort bydlení s nízkými provozními, zejména energetickými náklady. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Architektonická studie a projekt pro stavební povolení rodinného domu, který nabízí vysoký komfort bydlení s nízkými provozními, zejména energetickými náklady. | Theses on a related topic
57.
Nesvačilová, Alena
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce jednogeneračního rodinného domu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce jednogeneračního rodinného domu | Theses on a related topic
58.
Novotná, Veronika
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt přestavby stávající dílny na rodinný dům | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt přestavby stávající dílny na rodinný dům | Theses on a related topic
59.
Novotný, František
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
60.
Novotný, Jakub
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Stavební management (sídlo Tábor))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu občanského vybavení ve vybrané lokalitě na úrovni architektonické studie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Stavební management (sídlo Tábor))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu občanského vybavení ve vybrané lokalitě na úrovni architektonické studie | Theses on a related topic
61.
Opelka, Martin
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu na území konkrétní obce v CHKO Šumava | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu na území konkrétní obce v CHKO Šumava | Theses on a related topic
62.
Paidarová, Hana
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům s prodejnou | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům s prodejnou | Theses on a related topic
63.
Pajma, David
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Architektonická studie a projekt pro stavební povolení rodinného domu, který nabízí vysoký komfort bydlení s nízkými provozními, zejména energetickými náklady. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Architektonická studie a projekt pro stavební povolení rodinného domu, který nabízí vysoký komfort bydlení s nízkými provozními, zejména energetickými náklady. | Theses on a related topic
64.
Papež, Filip
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům v pasivním standardu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům v pasivním standardu | Theses on a related topic
65.
Perman, Petr
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu na území konkrétní obce v CHKO Šumava | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu na území konkrétní obce v CHKO Šumava | Theses on a related topic
66.
Píchal, Martin
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt moderního rodinného domu s použitím prvků systému Porotherm | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt moderního rodinného domu s použitím prvků systému Porotherm | Theses on a related topic
67.
Píchal, Martin
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Novostavba víceúčelové budovy ve Volyni v nízkoenergetickém standardu. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Novostavba víceúčelové budovy ve Volyni v nízkoenergetickém standardu. | Theses on a related topic
68.
Plachá, Markéta
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Mechanical Engineering / Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor's thesis defence: Požadavky na vytápění RD | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Mechanical Engineering / Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor's thesis defence: Požadavky na vytápění RD | Theses on a related topic
69.
Pokorný, Theodor
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt RD pro rodinu s autistickým dítětem | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt RD pro rodinu s autistickým dítětem | Theses on a related topic
70.
Protiva, Tomáš
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
71.
Řehák, Lukáš
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
72.
Říha, Ondřej
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům s provozovnou | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building engineering (combination/specialization: Pozemní stavby)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rodinný dům s provozovnou | Theses on a related topic
73.
Seifer, Pavel
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
74.
Spěváková, Šárka
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu pro zemědělství s bytovou jednotkou majitele. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu pro zemědělství s bytovou jednotkou majitele. | Theses on a related topic
75.
Strecker, Jan
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt rodinného domu s využitím zásad trvale udržitelného rozvoje | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt rodinného domu s využitím zásad trvale udržitelného rozvoje | Theses on a related topic
76.
Stropnický, Filip
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce rodinného domu s řešením tepelných mostů a vytápění tepelným čerpadlem | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Veřejná správa)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce rodinného domu s řešením tepelných mostů a vytápění tepelným čerpadlem | Theses on a related topic
77.
Škoda, Jan
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba rodinného domu, RD Zálesí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba rodinného domu, RD Zálesí | Theses on a related topic
78.
Šlemar, Petr
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt RD pro rodinu s autistickým dítětem | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Building Management (combination/specialization: Management)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt RD pro rodinu s autistickým dítětem | Theses on a related topic
79.
Šlencová, Nikola
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce stávajícího bytového domu na nízkoenergetický | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rekonstrukce stávajícího bytového domu na nízkoenergetický | Theses on a related topic
80.
Šmídek, David
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
81.
Uhlíř, Jakub
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings
Master's thesis defence: Projekt novostavby zadaného objektu v rozsahu projektu pro provedení stavby | Theses on a related topic
82.
Vepřek, Martin
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
83.
Volšanský, Radek
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt rodinného domu s malou provozovnou s využitím prvků firmy Heluz | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Projekt rodinného domu s malou provozovnou s využitím prvků firmy Heluz | Theses on a related topic
84.
Zamrzla, Jan
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
85.
Zika, Aleš
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba rodinného domu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Izolace (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba rodinného domu | Theses on a related topic
86.
Žánová, Markéta
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Civil Engineering / Construction of Buildings (combination/specialization: Rekonstrukce staveb (sídlo České Budějovice))
Bachelor's thesis defence: Novostavba objektu s nízkou spotřebou energie | Theses on a related topic