These days, the burden of transport operation on environment means major issue, above all in terms of vehicles' energy consumption and emission gases' production which cause serious global problems. This manuscript is focused on particular investigation concerning emission gases' production between chosen modes of transport. Specifically, railway passenger transport and air passenger transport are considered. Introductory sections of the manuscript consist of clarifying relevant concepts, elaborating a literature review in a given context and presenting methodological guideline details in regard to quantify the amount of greenhouse gases emissions as well as energy consumption. Thereafter, the most important paper sections follow which include compiling the particular research study within a discussed topic with a purpose to quantify and compare an environmental burden (impact) of railway passenger and air passenger means of transport operation, outcomes achieved assessment, as well as related discussion.