Fish farming is a very important economic activity whose origins may already be traced to Ancient times. In the Czech lands, the oldest records of fish farming as such date back to the 12th century. Even nowadays this activity is of a great economic importance as it employs a large number of labour force and also affects the landscape. Many businesses dealing with fish farming in the Czech Republic fall under the category of small and medium-sized enterprises, which are regulated by Act No. 47/2002 Coll., on the Support of small and medium-sized enterprises, as later amended. The article also discusses the development of the fishpond area in the present-day Czech Republic and the development of marketable fish production. The author analysed particular data obtained from the Czech Statistical Office and other professional resources as well.