Application of risk analysis by the evaluation of buildings indoor
environment
Hana Vaculikova 1, a
, Pavel Vlcek1,b
, Karel Kubecka2,c
, Jan Ceselsky3,d
,
Milan Nic4,e
1
VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, L.Podeste
1875,Ostrava-Poruba, 70833, Czech Republic
2
VSB – TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Building Structures, L. Podeste
1875, 708 33 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic
3
VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Urban Engineering, L.Podeste
1875,Ostrava-Poruba, 70833, Czech Republic
4
STU in Bratislava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Forensic Institute, Radlinskeho 11
Bratislava, Slovak Republic
a
hana.vaculikova@vsb.cz, b
pavel.vlcek1@vsb.cz, c
karel.kubecka@vsb.cz, d
jan.ceselsky@vsb.cz,
e
milan.nic@stuba.sk.
Keywords: risk analysis, fault, waterproof, condensation, indoor environment.
Abstract. In civil engineering we face up to a wide line of risks of mostly technical character
(accident hazard, formation of damages or defects). At present a continuous tightening of cladding
energy parameters happens within the sphere of residential and civic engineering. With buildings
built in the end of the past century it is not possible to meet completely these requirements without
a considerable intervention (and not only into the cladding). Risks acting to users of such objects
resulting from its use can be evaluated using the risk analysis method.
Introduction
During the lifetime of a building the defects of serious or less serious character may appear which
have considerably negative influence on indoor environment of such objects. The defects may be
caused by a wrong design of the designer (inappropriately designed materials, not observance of
technological discipline during construction or by any other unprofessional interventions). Serious
defects are also shown by age and insufficient maintenance during operation of the given
construction (Figure 1, Figure 2).
Defects of external cladding and its influence on indoor environment of the buildings
The office building object in question, its external cladding is formed by steel load-bearing structure
of atypical shape and beam filling shows serious defects at some places. During heavy rains the
rainwater leaks in the contact points of these two structures. This in-leak results in mould formation
in the interior which has negative impact on hygienic conditions of the indoor environment. The
indoor environment quality is also influenced by acoustic properties of the designed constructions.
[1, 2 and 3]
Evaluation of object conditions using the UMRA method (Method of Universal Matrix of Risk
Analysis)
The method of universal matrix of risk analysis (UMRA) is based upon the comparative
logic-numerical analysis of risk severity level for the given problem being resolved (project or its
part) by an expert team.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 899 (2014) pp 531-534
© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.899.531
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The method of universal matrix of risk analysis has two stages:
- word phase – it is focussed on identification of project segment exposed to danger, sources of
dangers endangering the segments. This phase is realised by an expert team. A matrix form
which is further worked with in the numerical phase is the result.
- The numerical phase includes:
o estimation of risk severity level using the UMRA matrix
o qualification of the risk according to estimated severity levels. [4]
Consideration of wear and tear of the construction
We come out from the severity (risk) level Tab.no.1. We can select for example
Svmax = 4. This table can be modified by expansion of Sv values, the best in interval <1; 8>.
The scale can be arbitrarily expanded or reduced, however it must remain comprehensible and
easily applicable for the expert. [4]
Table 1: Wear and tear severity level
Evaluation of
construction
condition
Characteristics of the conditions and wear and tear of the construction
Severity
level Sv
Excellent
condition
the construction is in the excellent condition without any signs of any
considerable wear and tear
1
Preserved
the construction is preserved with visible signs of ageing , however it still
performs its function
2
Damaged
the construction with visible signs of damage, repairable, requiring stronger
maintenance
3
Repair necessary the construction urgently requires necessary radial intervention (repair) 4
To express the setting of damage we shall use the linear function which in dependence on severity
level grade will be able to produce the financial value Ci. The function is defined as equation of
a straight line set by two points in orthogonal system of co-ordinates by initial point A [0;1] and
point B [4;0]. Vector u is thus given by points A; B and normal vector n is vertical.
u = B – A => u = (4; -1) and normal vector n = (1; 4)
A general straight line is defined by the relation:
0 cbyax (1)
Into this straight line we shall fill in the normal vector n co-ordinates and we get:
041  cyx (2)
Resultant equation of the straight line for Svmax = 4:
044  yx (3)
xy
x
y



25.01
4
4
Individual coefficient of danger perception shall be set using the formula:
100
max




actv
v
ck
nS
S
P
(4)
Where:Pck is the individual coefficient of danger perception;
ΣSv is summary of active windows values;
Svmax is maximum value of the danger level;
nact is number of active windows.
532 EnviBUILD Buildings and Environment 2013
A danger is perceived within 0% to 100% as a construction completely safe or completely
dangerous on the contrary. In case of more experts we obtain the final value by arithmetic mean.
Evaluation of administrative building using the risk analysis
The expert team evaluates an identified part of the administrative building which is affected by
a certain danger - risk. This evaluation is totally dependent on erudition of the given expert and it is
closely related to his or her theoretical and practical experience in the given problems. Number of
parts of the problem evaluated by the expert team is arbitrary.
Table 2: Sample form for object evaluation – expert no.1
Project Administrative building
Segments of the
project
Sources of danger
Corrosion
Mechanical
wearand
tear
Biological
degradation
Connection
Waterin-
leak
Material
Cracks
Knots 3 2 3 3 2
Rods 3 2 3 2
Welds 3 2 3 3 2
Waterproofing in
area 2 3 2 2
Waterproofing in
details 3 3 3 3
Bottom platforms 2 4 3
Reinforcing FC core 2 2
Walled partition
walls 3 3 4
Light partition walls 3 4
Roofing 2 2 3 2
Stairs 2 2
Figure 1, 2: Damaged flat roof waterproofing and rot of the administrative building evaluated in
the tab.2
ΣijCijk =100; nact = 38;  Ø 100/38 = 2. 63
Smax = 4;
ΣijCijk is summary of values of active windows;
nact is number of active windows;
Smax is maximal values of danger grade.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 899 533
By filling in the straight line resultant equation (3) for Svmax = 4 we get:
 425.01  xy
3425.0y
Individual coefficient of danger perception we shall get by filling in the formula (4):
%79.65100
384
100


 ckck PP
According to the expert no.1 the individual coefficient of danger perception is 65.79%, damage
34.25%.
Table 3: Coefficients of danger perception
Value Team
Expert
1 2 3 4
Summary SvE
378 100 116 77 86
Active cell number 142 38 45 31 32
Pck 0.6579 0.6444 0.621 0.6719
Pct/Pck 0.945 0.925 0.8912 0.965
(Pct/Pck)*100 94.50 92.50 89.12 96.50
The resulting share of the danger perception coefficient is according to the expert team, which was
in this case formed by four experts, set by arithmetic mean and is 93.15%.
Summary
At evaluation of the administrative building condition using the risk analysis method the defects of
roofing and external cladding were assessed by the expert team as the most serious ones. The risk
analysis results serve as a supporting background for officially appointed expert. A suitable
maintenance of the object will be recommended upon the risk analysis of the administrative
building. Moulds formed inside the object due to its age and insufficient maintenance of it during
use which have negative impacts on health of users and comfort of the indoor environment. On that
ground the value of the real estate is reduced.
Acknowledgement
This outcome has been achieved with funds of conceptual development of science, research and
innovation for the year 2013 assigned to VŠB-TU Ostrava by Ministry of Education Youth and
Sports of the Czech Republic.
Reference
Reference an article:
[1] K. Vavrusova, A. Lokaj, Dowel type joints in cement-splinter, Procedia Engineering (2012),
pp. 253-256.
[2] K. Vavrusova, New alternative methods for design of joints and elements of timber structures,
Applied Mechanics and Materials (2013), pp. 1710 – 1713.
[3] P. Oravec, M. Hamala, Acoustic qualities of a composite timber - concrete ceiling construction,
Advanced Materials Research (2013), 649, 273 – 276.
[4] K. Kubecka, The employment of risk analysis in decision-making process of building activity.
Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 444 (2008), pp. 27 - 44.
534 EnviBUILD Buildings and Environment 2013