Air Transport Management and Technology:
6. Basic designs of airplanes
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Airplane components
From a design point of view, the aircraft (transport airplane) can be divided into three relatively
separate units:
ØAirframe;
ØPropulsion unit (system);
ØEquipment.
These basic units are further divided into:
ØAssemblies that perform the function of basic units;
ØSeparate functional circuits;
ØAircraft systems (for example hydraulic, electrical system, etc.).

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Airframe
ØFuselage
ØLanding gear
ØLifting surface (wings)
ØTail surfaces

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Fuselage
File:Airbus A300 cross section.jpg
•The central part of the aircraft, usually with a circular or oval profile (monocoque), providing,
inter alia:
ØStructural connectivity of main lifting surfaces and tail surfaces into one single unit;
ØLocation of other aircraft systems, avionics, equipment and aggregates;
ØEnvironment for the placement of passengers, crew and cargo - for airplanes, the fuselage is
equipped with a pressurized cabin (flights above 3000 meters above sea level);
ØTransfer and distribution of payload on the airplane.
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•Lifting surfaces are commonly designated by the term wing.
•A lift force Y is generated on the wing.
•The wing is provided with systems that are functionally associated with it (see. Figure).
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•Wing Mechanization - A system of movable elements that are controlled either by the pilot or
automatically. Other functional surfaces situated on the wings are controlled by this
mechanization.
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Lifting surfaces
Soubor:Control surfaces on airfoil.svg
Author: Arne Nordmann (user:norro), 2006, Illustration based on the illustration
Image:PlaneWing.png of Piotr Jaworski (PioM)., CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1390944

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Functional surfaces on wings
•Winglets (1) - are extensions of fixed wing that encourage more efficient use of lift force
exerted on the ends of the wings.
•Ailerons (2,3) - are a hinged flight control surfaces used in pairs to control the aircraft in
roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis).
•Pods for flaps (4) - streamlining the flap track mechanisms.
•Krueger flaps (5) - lift enhancement devices that may be fitted to the leading edge of an aircraft
wing.
•Slats (6) - aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings of fixed-wing aircraft which,
when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack.
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Functional surfaces on wings
•Flaps (7, 8) - Sliding devices on the wing of the airplane to increase lift at low speeds,
especially in the take-off and landing phase of flight.
•Spoiler (9) - A hinged plate on the upper surface of the wings, which serves to reduce lift in a
controlled way. By so doing, the spoiler creates a controlled stall over the portion of the wing
behind it, greatly reducing the lift of that wing section. It is especially useful for landing
when, due to reduced lift, the aircraft touches the  runway more firmly and pushes the landing gear
to surface.
•Aerodynamic brake (10) - Increases the aerodynamic drag of the airplane (similar to the spoiler).
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•Tail surfaces consist of:
ØHorizontal tale surfaces;
ØVertical tale surfaces.
•Horizontal tale surfaces consists of:
ØFixed part = Stabilizer - provides stability and control of an airplane;
ØHinged aft surface = Elevator - controls the aircraft's pitch, and therefore the angle of attack
and the lift of the wing.
•Vertical tale surfaces consists of:
ØFixed part = Fin (vertical stabilizer) - is intended to reduce aerodynamic side slip and provide
direction stability;
ØHinged aft surface = Rudder - allows the pilot to control yaw around the vertical axis.
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Tail surfaces

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Airplane movement in 3D space
•Simply put, the transport airplane is controlled in three-dimensional space by a combination of
three control surfaces:
ØAilerons – Tilts the airplane around its longitudinal axis;
ØRudder –deflects the airplane around its vertical axis;
ØElevator – deflects the airplane around its horizontal axis.
•In practice, both aileron and rudder control input are used together to turn an aircraft, the
ailerons imparting roll, the rudder imparting yaw, and also compensating for a phenomenon called
adverse yaw. A rudder alone will turn a conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but much more slowly than
if ailerons are also used in conjunction.