Air Transport Management and Technology:
5. The Classification of Aircrafts and Flight Physics Fundamentals
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Definition of aircraft
•Aircraft is a flying means of transport, according to the definition of the Czech standard it
refers to: "A device capable of exerting forces carrying it in the atmosphere from air reactions
that are not reactions to the Earth's surface."
•Airplanes can be divided according to many aspects, but the basic classification is as follows:
ØAircraft lighter than air – they use aerostatic forces to fly
ØAircraft heavier than air – in order to fly they mostly use aerodynamic force (lift) on lifting
surface that can be moving or fixed (wing).

•Aircraft lighter than air (aerostats)
Ø With propulsion - for example airships
Ø Without propulsion- for example hot air balloons
•Aircraft heavier than air (aerodynes)
ØWithout propulsion with fixed lifting surfaces (wings) – e.g. a parachute or a glider
ØWith propulsion with moving (rotating) lifting surfaces – e.g. a helicopter
ØWith propulsion with fixed wing/wings – e.g. a rogalo or a classic airplane
ØWith propulsion without lifting surfaces – a rocket
•There are also combinations of the above – e.g. a convertiplane, which changes the method of
achieving lift during the flight.
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Classification of aircraft

•Depending on the length of the flying range we distinguish:
ØShort-haul airplanes with a range of up to 1,000 km, sometimes referred to as regional.
ØMedium-haul airplanes with a range of 1000 to 3000 km. These aircraft are mainly used on
international routes.
ØLong-haul aircraft with a range of more than 3000 km are deployed on transcontinental flights.
•Depending on seat capacity:
ØLight aircrafts - aerotaxi: 3 to 10 passengers;
ØSmall transport airplanes: 10 to 30 passengers (sometimes called as feederliners);
ØMedium-sized transport airplanes: 30 to 100 passengers;
ØLarge transport airplanes: 100 to 200 passengers;
ØHigh capacity aerobuses : over 200 passengers
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Classification of transport airplanes

•Depending on the seat arrangement in the airplane:
ØNarrow-body airliners – with single aisle, 2-2 or 3-3 seats abreast;
ØWide-body airliners – with two aisles and 2-3-2, 3-3-3 or 3-4-3 seats abreast.
•Depending on the type of propulsion system:
ØPropliners (past) or light airplanes with propeller (piston-powered engines);
ØPropjet (Turboprop powered);
ØJet airliner (Turbofan or turbojet powered).
•Transport airplanes can also be distinguished according to the location of lifting surfaces, the
number and position of the engines, the type of landing gear or the shape of the wings (and
others).
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Classification of transport airplanes (continued)

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•An airfoil generates lift by exerting a downward force on the air as it flows past. According to
Newton's third law, the air must exert an equal and opposite (upward) force on the airfoil, which
is the lift. (Simplified physical explanations).
•For aircrafts heavier than air, the aerodynamic force must be equal to or greater than the weight
of the flying object.
•To generate the aerodynamic lift it is necessary to ensure the airflow around lifting surfaces
(wings) at a certain velocity v, the wing must also have a certain profile (airfoil) and sufficient
area S, and it is also necessary to ensure the efficient „angle of attack“ of an airfoil.
Generation of aerodynamic force
profil_01
•V

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Aerodynamic force Y
Bez_názvu
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•G
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•Y
 Y = cy . S . ρ . v2 / 2
S – size of lifting surfaces [m2],
ρ – air density [kg/m3]
v – airplane velocity [km/h]
cy – „angle of attack α“ function – aerodynamic coefficient