Air Transport Management and Technology:
10. Air Transport Infrastructure
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•Aircraft infrastructure includes buildings, objects and facilities that have a direct impact on
the organization and management of air traffic in the airspace or on the ground, or allow the
movement or servicing of aircraft on airports. It is possible to divide the infrastructure into
three parts:
•Airspace is an 3D space above the territory of the State to a height that can be used for air
traffic. Airspace is open to flying under the conditions laid down by the laws of each state and
international treaties ensuring flight rules which lay down procedures for moving in the airspace.
•Airport consisting of a territorially defined and suitably adapted area, including buildings and
facilities permanently destined for take-off and landing of aircraft and aircraft movements related
thereto.
•Air services to ensure the security and continuity of flights in the airspace of each states.
•
1)
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Air Transport Infrastructure

•In the Czech Republic, airports are divided into the following categories:
a)according to technical conditions, operating conditions and basic purpose:
•Domestic airports - are intended and equipped to carry out domestic flights only (within one
state);
•International airports - are designed and equipped not only for domestic flights but also for
flights crossing the state border of the state - they are equipped with passport, customs, health
and other controls.
•b) According to the group of users:
•Public - an airport which can accept all aircraft by its operational capability;
•Non-public - airports for which the user group is designated by operators proposal;
•Military – Airports that serve only for the army needs.
•c) According to the nature of the air traffic at the airport:
•For example transport airport, sports airport, corporate airport, experimental airport, for
agricultural purposes and others.
•
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Airport - classification

•Movement areas are asphalt or concrete (most common) surfaces for the movements of aircrafts. We
can divide them into:
ØRunway (RWY) - defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff
of aircrafts.
ØTaxiway (TWY) – path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals
and other facilities.
ØApron (APN) – The area near the terminal and hangar equipped with aircraft stands for carrying out
aircraft handling, loading and unloading goods, embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, etc.
•Runway (RWY) can be divided into categories:
•Non-instrument RWY - intended for the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures
(VFR).
•Instrument RWY – intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument flight rules (IFR) –
instrument approach procedures.
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Airport – Movement areas

•In addition to the technical facilities for organizing air traffic (especially in the phase when
an airplane approaches the RWY), airport visual and navigational aids are available at the airport,
which at the same time allow operation of air traffic at reduced visibility at airports:
•Indicators and signals (for example Wind Direction Indicator);
•Marking on movement areas (for example threshold, distance or axial marks on the runway);
•Lighting systems (instrument RWY only):
ØApproach lighting systems - For visual guidance of the aircraft onto the RWY;
ØPrecision approach lighting systems - provides guidance information to help a pilot acquire and
maintain the correct approach (in the vertical level) to an airport (for example PAPI system);
ØRWY lighting systems - Lighting defines for example the boundaries or RWY center line.
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Airport - operating facilities

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Transport airport Infrastructure
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•Airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground
transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the
terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security.
•The division of the terminal parts into:
•Departure and arrival section
•Pre - security section– The public part of the terminal where the free movement of persons is
allowed
•Post security section – Non-public part of the terminal with areas for the movement of persons who
have passed check-in, customs, security and passport control.
•
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Airport terminals

•Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground facilities to aircrafts in a controlled
airspace or a controlled airport. The basic purpose of air traffic control is to prevent collisions
in the air and on the ground, but air traffic controllers usually provide pilots with other
services such as navigation assistance or information services. The air traffic control service is
usually provided by three mutually cooperating specialized centers:
•Tower control (TWR) - Controllers in the tower are responsible for safe traffic operation on the
runway, taxiways and in a Controlled Zone (CTR), which is an airspace in the immediate vicinity of
the airport.
•Approach control (APP) - Its mission is to maintain safe and continuous air traffic in the
terminal-controlled area, which is the airspace in the wider area of the airport.
•Area Control Centre (ACC) - Provides air traffic control in the respective controlled area,
typically a large area of controlled airspace, sometimes covering the whole of the country.
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Air Traffic Control

•We recognize two basic types of airspace in terms of movement within it (i.e. flying):
•Controlled airspace;
•Uncontrolled airspace.
•In the context of air transport, airspace is further divided into different areas, segments,
banned areas, temporarily reserved areas, etc., defining the airborne air route.
•The flights themselves are coordinated by dispatchers of Air Traffic Control (ATC), who supervise,
inter alia, the vertical and horizontal spacing between individual aircraft in controlled airspace.
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Airspace