6. Subsoil and Earthworks C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich Foundation and Subsoil •The foundations are load-bearing components of objects that provide the load carrying structure into the subsoil. According to the way the load is transferred, are distinguished shallow foundations and deep foundations. • •Subsoil is a functional part of the building. The footing bottom is an area where the foundations meet the subsoil. Soil is unpaved or slightly hardened rock. • •SUBSOIL: rock, mud, clays, topsoil, marl, fusible mud, loess • C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich Foundation and Subsoil •There are 3 classes according to soil exploitation: •Class I is defined by mining by conventional excavation mechanisms (bulldozers, excavators) or by hand. • •Class II is defined by mining with special mechanisms - rippers, rock spoon, hammers • •Class III is defined by mining by blasting works • C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich Deep of Foundation •Depth of foundation. The depth of foundation is determined with respect to stability and settlement construction, climatic conditions (freezing, drying out of the soil) and geological and hydrogeological soil profile. •Depending on the soil, we choose the depth of foundation: •500 mm for rock and weak rocks soil and under the interior walls •800 mm from landscaped terrain (loose soil outside the mountain range) •1000 mm from landscaped terrain (cohesive soils outside mountain areas) •1200 mm in cohesive soils with ground water depth less than 2 m deep •Depth of foundation in mountain conditions always depends on local climatic conditions • C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich Earthworks and Excavations •Earthworks in civil engineering are divided into preparatory earthworks, major earthworks and finishing earthworks. It also includes rake off the topsoil, the embankments, the backfills. •Excavations are carried out by excavating below ground level. The pit is an excavation whose length and width is greater than 2 meters. The furrow has a predominant length dimension and a maximum width of 2 meters. The shaft has a predominant depth dimension and a maximum floor area of 36 square meters. •The footing bottom must not be broken during excavations. It must also be protected from climatic effects. C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich Ensuring Structural Stabiliy of Excavations •Vertical walls can be excavated in cohesive soils with a depth of no more than 1.5 meters. In other cases, excavation walls must be provided with one of the following options: •Sloping walls of excavations •Shoring of excavation walls •Piles shoring •Driven shoring: •Triggered shoring: •Shoring with attached sheeting •Underground walls •Pile walls •Sheet pile walls C:\Users\21536\AppData\Local\Temp\7zOCBEF4013\interreg_Rakousko_Ceska_Republika_RGB.jpg https://www.email.cz/download/k/vPwBms0jPnQoTvgo0jFvvGwDhdh9Jlfl9rKdiuyzDRyHOOMId1HvJLvOPRBH2skc4uZ VKBw/image001.png Fachhochschulen Oberösterreich