5. Dilatation of Buildings
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Dilatation of Buildings
•The construction joint  - distance between the two building blocks.
•The expansion joint - divides buildings (parts) into smaller rigid units.
•Unforced effects include:
•Volume changes due to temperature
•Volume changes due to moisture
•Rheological effects (creep and shrinkage)
•Changing the shape of the foundation joint (bottom surface)
•Expansion joints eliminate: Static effects x Dynamic effects x Acoustic effects x Heat-technical
effects.
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Volume Changes
•Volume changes can be caused by:
•Changing the temperature of the external and internal environment (thermal expansion of
materials).
•Changing the moisture of the materials (drying and swelling)
•Rheological changes of the materials (Shrinkage x Creep)
•Stress elements due to volume changes can lead to:
•Element breakage by tensile cracks
•Compression element failure
•Expanding effect on surrounding structures
•Creation and expansion of joints between element and surrounding structures
•Rheological changes of materials
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Structural principles and structural solutions
•Maximum distance of expansion joints in masonry with lime mortar:
•burnt bricks                          100 m
•sand-lime bricks                    50 m
•concrete blocks                     50 m
•natural stone                         60 m
•reinforced concrete              40 m
•Construction design of the expansion joints:
•Duplication of supporting structures
•Unilateral sliding fit
•Cantilevered ceiling structure
•Inserted field with slide bearing
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Uneven Settling
•Irregularities in the substructure of the object - irregular and oblique loading of soil layers
with different compressibility, different levels of groundwater level, undermined area, additional
changes in the subsoil or level of ground water level.
•Different loads in the footing bottom - different height of the part of the building, different
utility loads in different parts of the building, inappropriate design of the area of individual
flat foundations
•Different foundation structures of parts of the building - the combination of shallow and deep
foundations
•The time interval between the realizations of the different units of the building - the new part
follows the older one, where the settlement has already taken place.
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Structural principles and structural solutions
•Design principles for expansion joints:
•Expansion joints must allow vertical displacements
•Expansion joints pass through the whole object, including the foundations
•Foundations must not interfere with one another
•Must comply with the required thickness joints
•Design solutions for the implementation of expansion joints:
•Sided cantilevered horizontal structures
•Reversible cantilevered horizontal structures
•Fields inserted
•Modulation adjustment
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