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Cizí jazyk II
Studijní opora
Libuše Turinská
2016
České Budějovice
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1. vydání
© Vysoká škola technická a ekonomická v Českých Budějovicích, 2016
Vydala: Vysoká škola technická a ekonomická v Českých Budějovicích, Okružní 10, 370 01 České
Budějovice
Za obsahovou a jazykovou správnost odpovídají autoři a vedoucí příslušných kateder.
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Cíl předmětu
Cílem předmětu postupný rozvoj komunikačních dovedností a sjednocení znalostí studujících
na úroveň B1 podle Společného evropského referenčního rámce pro jazyky. Důraz je přitom
kladen zejména na rozvoj dialogických kompetencí, na porozumění textům a na komunikační
dovednosti spojené se schopností konverzovat na všeobecné téma.
Po úspěšném absolvování předmětu dokáže student porozumět hlavním myšlenkám
srozumitelné spisovné vstupní informace týkající se běžných témat, se kterými se pravidelně
setkává ve škole, práci, volném čase, apod..
Výstupy z učení
Po úspěšném absolvování předmětu dokáže student porozumět hlavním myšlenkám
srozumitelné spisovné vstupní informace týkající se běžných témat, se kterými se pravidelně
setkává ve škole, práci, volném čase, apod. Student je schopen orientovat se bez většíh
problémů v anglicky mluvící zemi, vyžádat si a poskytnout základní informace týkající se
popisu cesty, rezervace pokoje v hotelu atp. Absolvent předmětu je dále schopen napsat
jednoduchý souvislý text na téma, které je mu blízké, nebo témata, která ho zajímají. Dokáže
popsat své zážitky, sny, naděje a cíle, umí stručně vysvětlit a odůvodnit své názory a plány.
V ústním a písemném projevu se mohou vyskytovat některé stylistické, lexikální či gramatické
nepřesnosti, které však nebrání porozumění. Cílem je další postupný rozvoj komunikačních
dovedností a sjednocení znalostí studujících na úroveň B1 podle Společného evropského
referenčního rámce pro jazyky. Důraz je přitom kladen zejména na rozvoj dialogických
kompetencí, na porozumění textům a na komunikační dovednosti spojené se schopností
konverzovat na všeobecné téma.
Základní okruhy studia
1. Společenská konverzace; infinitiv, použití sloves a infinitivu
2. Gerundium; záliby, volný čas
3. Nakupování; modální slovesa (have to, don't have to, must, mustn't)
4. Podmínkové věty - první podmínka; "matoucí" slovesa
5. Podmínkové věty - druhá podmínka; zvířata
6. Rozhodnutí, may/might (možnost), should, shouldn't, tvorba slov
7. Strachy a fobie, předpřítomný čas prostý, for a since
8. Vazba Used to; school days
9. Rozdíl mezi předpřítomným časem prostým a minulým prostým časem, hudba
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10. Trpný rod
11. Popis budovy; složeniny something, anything, nothing, atd. .
12. Frázová slovesa, zdraví a životní styl
13. Předminulý čas; shrnutí látky
Povinná literatura (minimálně dvě knihy)
OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012. English File
third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2. 167 stran. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Cambridge English: preliminary 8 : preliminary English test : with answers : authentic
examination papers : from Cambridge English : language assessment. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-67583-4.
Studijní průvodce
- Klíčové pojmy
- Cíle kapitoly
- Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly
- Výklad
- Úkoly k zamyšlení a diskuzi
- Klíč k řešení otázek
- Studijní materiály
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Kapitola 1: Společenská konverzace; infinitiv, použití
sloves a infinitivu
Klíčové pojmy:
Infinitive, verbs, parties, small talk
Cíle kapitoly:
- seznámení se s povinnou studijní literaturou
- seznámení se s cíli kurzu a podmínkami k zápočtu
- osvojení si slovní zásoby na téma parties, společenská konverzace
- přehled sloves pojících se s infinitivem
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
Výklad:
How to … Survive meeting your girlfriend´s Parents for the first time
It's stressful, but these top tips can help you to get it right ...
Tips
You need ….1..do some ' homework' before you go. Ask your girlfriend about her parents.
Where does her mother work? Does her father like football? Do you have any common
interests? If you do this, it will be easy …2…..a conversation with them.
Make sure you dress 3…..the right impression. Don't wear a suit, but don't just wear
your old jeans and the Che Guevara T -shirt you bought in the market.
Be punctual. It's very important …4…..late at a first meeting.
When they greet you at the door shake the father's hand firmly (no father likes a weak
handshake!). Ask your girlfriend what kind of greeting her mum will prefer.
Call her parents Mr and Mrs (Smith) until they ask you to call them 'Dave' and 'Sharon'.
Be ready questions about yourself! Her parents will want …5….. everything about you
and your ambitions. Make a good impression!
If you are invited for a meal, eat everything they give you and say something positive about
the meal, like 'This is absolutely delicious!'. Offer …6………. the washing-up after the meal
…7…...them that you are a 'new man'.
Be yourself, and don't be a 'yes' man. If they ask you for your opinion, be honest. However,
try about controversial subjects – this isn't the moment to give your views on religion and
politics!
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If the conversation is dying and you can't think what …8……, ask them what your partner
was like as a child. This is a brilliant tactic! ALL parents love talking about their children and
it shows you have a deep interest in their daughter.
Cvičení
Read the article again and complete the gaps with the verbs in the list.
To answer not to be to do to have to know to make to say to show
Klíč k řešení otázek
1 to do, 2 to make, 3 to make, 4 not to be, 5 to know, 6 to do, 7 to show, 8 to say
Studijní materiály
OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012. English File
third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2. 167 stran. s. 52. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Výklad:
Use of the infinitive (to+verb)
We use the infinitive + to after some verbs:
Want, need, would like, decide, promise, etc. (I want to go home.)
After adjectives:
The negative form of the infinitive is not to + verb (It’s nice to hear it.)
To say why we do something:
I went to England to study English.
VERBS + infinitive
Try to
Want to
Would like to
Remember to
Promise to
Pretend to
Plan to
Offer to
Decide to
Forget to
Help to
Need to
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Cvičení
The Use of the Infinitive + to
Fill in the appropriate verb using the infinitive form. Look at the example. More options are
sometimes possible.
1. -It’s very hot. - Do you want to open the window?
2. I’m Ivana. Nice ___________ you.
3. She __________ leave her job.
4. Will you offer me__________ with you? I don’t understand this topic.
5. You don’t remember _________your pills. Do you?
6. Samantha needs _____________ to the dentist. She has a toothache.
7. Why don’t you want ___________ with us? The party will be great!
8. He promised ____________ her all her life.
Write the sentences about yourself using the given verbs + infinitive + to
Decide
Plan
Hope
Try
Would like
Forget
Need
learn
- Klíč k řešení otázek
Fill in the appropriate verb using the infinitive form. Look at the example. More options are
sometimes possible.
1. -It’s very hot. - Do you want to open the window?
2. I’m Ivana. Nice to meet you.
3. She decided to/want to leave her job.
4. Will you offer me to study with you? I don’t understand this topic.
5. You don’t remember to take your pills. Do you?
6. Samantha needs to go/to make an appointment to the dentist. She has a toothache.
7. Why don’t you want to go with us? The party will be great!
8. He promised to love/ to protect her all her life.
Write the sentences about yourself using the given verbs + infinitive + to
Possible answers:
Decide I decided to stop drinking coffee.
Plan I plan to travel a lot
Hope I hope to see the new film.
Try I try to learn French.
Would like I would like to go to Portugal.
Forget I forgot to book the flight.
Need I need to buy a new pair of shoes.
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Learn I learnt to speak Italian.
Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 138. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 119. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
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Kapitola 2: Volný čas; gerundium, slovesa a gerundium
Klíčové pojmy:
Leisure time, free time, gerund, -ing form, verbs
Cíle kapitoly:
 prohloubení si slovní zásoby na téma volný čas,
 gerundium – forma, pravopisné změny,
 využití gerundia
 přehled sloves pojících se s použitím gerundia.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Free Time
Leisure, or free time, is time spent away from business, work, and domestic chores. It also
excludes time spent on necessary activities such as sleeping and, where it is compulsory,
education.
The distinction between leisure and unavoidable activities is not a rigidly defined one, e.g.
people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for pleasure as well as for long-term utility. A
distinction may also be drawn between free time and leisure. For example, Situationist
International maintains that free time is illusory and rarely free; economic and social forces
appropriate free time from the individual and sell it back to them as the commodity known as
"leisure". Certainly most people's leisure activities are not a completely free choice, and may
be constrained by social pressures, e.g. people may be coerced into spending time gardening by
the need to keep up with the standard of neighbouring gardens.
Another concept of leisure is social leisure, which involves leisurely activities in a social
settings, such as extracurricular activities, e.g. sports, clubs.
Time available for leisure varies from one society to the next, although anthropologists have
found that hunter-gatherers tend to have significantly more leisure time than people in more
complex societies. As a result, band societies such as the Shoshone of the Great Basin came
across as extraordinarily lazy to European colonialists.
Workaholics are those who work compulsively at the expense of other activities. They prefer
to work rather than spend time socializing and engaging in other leisure activities.
Men generally have more leisure time than women. In Europe and the United States, adult men
usually have between one and nine hours more leisure time than women do each week.
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Cvičení
Questions:
1. What is leisure time?
2. Are free time activities a completely free choice?
3. What do the workaholics prefer?
4. It the spending of leisure time the same for all societies?
5. Who has more free time – men or women?
Klíč k řešení otázek
What is the leisure time? – Time spent away from work.
Are free time activities a completely free choice? - Certainly most people's leisure activities
are not a completely free choice.
What do the workaholics prefer? - Workaholics prefer to work rather than spend time
socializing and engaging in other leisure activities.
It the spending of leisure time the same for all societies? - Time available for leisure varies
from one society to the next.
Who has more free time – men or women? – Men have more free time.
Studijní materiály
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure
Výklad:
Gerund (verb+ ing), leisure time
Gerund
(verb + ing)
We use the gerund:
After some verbs (e.g. like, hate, enjoy, don’t mind, etc.)
as a subject of the sentence (Dreaming is nice.)
after prepositions (She came without saying hello.)
verbs + ing:
enjoy
love
like
hate
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don’t mind DRIVING
don’t like
spent (hours)
start
finish
stop
go on
Leisure time – vocabulary
Taking photos fotografování
Doing sports sportování
Going out chození ven (bavit se)
Painting malování
Playing the musical instrument hraní na hudební nástroj
Going for walks chození na procházky
Meeting friends setkávání se s přáteli
Relaxing relaxování
Going on holiday ježdění na dovolenou
Cvičení
Gerund, leisure time
Write the sentences about yourself using the gerund. Look at the example: I enjoy ....dancing.
I enjoy
I like
I hate
I don’t mind
I don’t like
I started
I finished
I love
I spend
I go on
Klíč k řešení otázek
Possible answers:
I enjoy reading.
I like doing sports.
I hate waiting.
I don’t mind cleaning my car.
I don’t like cooking meat.
I started doing yoga.
I finished writing the books.
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I love horse-riding.
I spend hours driving the car.
I go on studying psychology.
Possible answers:
Doing sports: doing aerobics, cycling, jogging, playing football, playing hockey
Playing the musical instrument: playing the guitar, playing the piano, playing the flute, playing
the drums, playing the bass guitar, playing the bongo
Meeting friends: going to the cafés, going to pubs, going to bars, going for trips, going to
the cinema
Relaxing: going to the swimming pool, going to spa, going for walks, sleeping, watching
TV
Going on holiday: travelling, eating out, swimming, climbing mountains, hiking
Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 138. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
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Kapitola 3: Nakupování; modální slovesa
Klíčové pojmy:
Shopping, shopping mall, e-shop, modals
Cíle kapitoly:
 Prohloubení slovní zásoby na téma shopping, názvy obchodů
 Popis konceptu e-shopping,
 Modální slovesa
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 1,5 hodin
Výklad:
Strip mall
A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza, shopping center, or mini-mall) is an open-air
shopping mall where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are
typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic
arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding
neighborhoods.
In the U.S. and Canada, strip malls usually range in size from 5,000 square feet (460 m2
) to
over 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2
). The smaller variety is more common and often located at
the intersection of major streets in residential areas; it caters to a small residential area. This
type of strip mall is found in nearly every city or town in the U.S. and Canada; it is serviceoriented
and may contain a grocery store, video rental store, dry cleaner, small restaurant, and
similar stores. In the past, pharmacies were often located next to the grocery stores, but are now
often free-standing or contained within the anchor tenant (e.g. Walmart, Target) or grocery store
. One third of supermarkets currently have pharmacies.[2]
Gas stations, banks, and other
businesses also may have their own free-standing buildings in the parking lot of the strip center.
A recent trend is for grocery stores to have bank branches, and ATM and gourmet coffee houses
inside the store.
The other variety of strip mall in the U.S. is usually anchored on one end by a big box retailer,
such as Wal-Mart, Kohl's or Target, and/or by a large supermarket on the other. They are usually
referred to as power centers in the real estate development industry because they attract and
cater to residents of an expanded population area. The categories of retailers may vary widely,
from electronics stores to bookstores to home improvement stores. There are typically only a
few of this type of strip malls in a city, compared to the smaller types. Retailers vary from center
to center, ranging from three or four large retailers to a dozen or more.
Some strip malls are hybrids of these types.
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Cvičení
Text Questions:
1. What is a strip mall?
2. Where are strip malls usually situated?
3. Do you know of any strip malls?
4. Where do you buy clothes, books, food etc.
5. Are any strip malls in the Czech Republic?
Klíč k řešení otázek
1 open air shopping mall, 2 close to major traffic arterials
Studijní materiály
Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center
Výklad:
Modal verbs (have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t), Shopping
Modal verbs
Must/mustn’t
Must – You must do the clearing today.
She must finish her work tomorrow.
Mustn’t – The students mustn’t smoke in the school campus.
He mustn’t talk that loud in the library.
Have to/don’t have to
I have to wait for the taxi now.
She has to wait for the taxi now.
Do you have to wait for the taxi?
Does she have to wait for the taxi?
I don’t have to wait for the taxi. I’ll take the bus.
She doesn’t have to wait for the taxi. She’ll take the bus.
We do not contract have/has in these sentences.
Be careful with the use of don’t have to and mustn’t.
I don’t have to go shopping, we have enough food.
You mustn’t smoke at school – it is prohibited.
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Cvičení
Complete the sentences with have to/don’t have to/mustn’t
1. I .................... go now. It’s getting late.
2. She ...........................go home today. She can sleep here.
3. You ............................... use your phone during lessons.
4. Petr ........................... study more. He has lots of exams.
5. We .......................touch it, there is electricity in there.
6. I ............................study that subject, it is just optional.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. I have to go now. It’s getting late.
2. She doesn’t have to go home today. She can sleep here.
3. You mustn’t use your phone during lessons.
4. Petr has to study more. He has lots of exams.
5. We mustn’t touch it, there is electricity in there.
6. I don’t have to study that subject, it is just optional.
Studijní materiály
MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for
intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2012, s. 60 - 64. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
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Kapitola 4: Podmínkové věty – první podmínka;
matoucí slovesa
Klíčové pojmy:
Conditionals, first conditional, if, confusing verb pairs
Cíle kapitoly:
 Podmínková spojka if
 Pravidla pro používání prvního typu podmínkových vět
 Prohloubení si slovní zásoby na téma literatura; popis oblíbené knihy
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
The Hobbit
The Hobbit, or There and Back Again, better known by its abbreviated title The Hobbit, is a
fantasy novel and children's book by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published on 21
September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded
a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular
and is recognized as a classic in children's literature.
Set in a time "Between the Dawn of Færie and the Dominion of Men", The Hobbit follows the
quest of home-loving hobbit Bilbo Baggins to win a share of the treasure guarded by the dragon,
Smaug. Bilbo's journey takes him from light-hearted, rural surroundings into more sinister
territory. The story is told in the form of an episodic quest, and most chapters introduce a
specific creature, or type of creature, of Tolkien's Wilderland. By accepting the disreputable,
romantic, fey and adventurous side of his nature and applying his wits and common sense, Bilbo
gains a new level of maturity, competence and wisdom. The story reaches its climax in the
Battle of Five Armies, where many of the characters and creatures from earlier chapters reemerge
to engage in conflict.
Personal growth and forms of heroism are central themes of the story. Along with motifs of
warfare, these themes have led critics to view Tolkien's own experiences during World War I
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as instrumental in shaping the story. The author's scholarly knowledge of Germanic philology
and interest in fairy tales are often noted as influences.
Encouraged by the book's critical and financial success, the publisher requested a sequel. As
Tolkien's work on the successor The Lord of the Rings progressed, he made retrospective
accommodations for it in The Hobbit. These few but significant changes were integrated into
the second edition. Further editions followed with minor emendations, including those
reflecting Tolkien's changing concept of the world into which Bilbo stumbled. The work has
never been out of print. Its ongoing legacy encompasses many adaptations for stage, screen,
radio, board games and video games. Several of these adaptations have received critical
recognition on their own merits.
Cvičení
Text Questions:
1) Who wrote The Hobbit?
2) When was The Hobbit first published?
3) What are the central themes of the story?
4) Where does the story reach its climax?
5) What else did J. R. R. Tolkien write?
Klíč k řešení otázek
Key to text questions:
1) Who wrote The Hobbit? J. R. R. Tolkien
2) When was The Hobbit first published? In 1937
3) What are the central themes of the story? Personal growth and forms of heroism are
central themes of the story.
4) Where does the story reach its climax? The story reaches its climax in the Battle of
Five Armies
5) What else did J. R. R. Tolkien write? For example The Lord of the Rings
Studijní materiály
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit
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Výklad:
First Conditional, Confusing Verbs
First conditional – if+present, will+infinitive
If I miss the train, I will call a taxi.
He won’t be angry if you tell him the truth.
We use the first conditional to talk about the possible future situation.
Confusing Verbs
Wear clothes
Win a price, a match
Know somebody, something
Make a cake, lunch, dinner a noise
Hope that something good will happen
Watch TV
Look happy
Carry a bag
Earn a salary
Meet somebody for the first time
Do an exam, test, course, housework the washing up, sport, yoga, aerobics
Wait for a bus
Look at a photo
Look like your mother
Cvičení
First Conditional, Confusing verbs
1 Complete the exercise with the correct form of verbs:
He__________pleased if you _______him. (be, tell)
If you ________ her, she _________you. (ask, help)
He __________ if he ____________. (not pass/not study)
If you _______the queue, it __________ quicker. (change, become)
It ____________cheaper if you ___________ by train. (be, go)
2 Write the expressions connected with these verbs. Look at the example.
Wear clothes
Win ...............................
Know........................................
Make........................................
Hope.........................................
Watch........................................
Look.........................................
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Carry........................................
Earn..........................................
Meet..........................................
Do.............................................
Wait..........................................
Look at ....................................
Look like ..................................
Klíč k řešení otázek
1)
He will be pleased if you tell him. (be, tell)
If you ask her, she will help you. (ask, help)
He won’t pass if he doesn’t study. (not pass/not study)
If you change the queue, it will become quicker. (change, become)
It will be cheaper if you go by train. (be, go)
2) Possible answers:
Win a price, a match
Know somebody, something
Make a cake, lunch, dinner a noise
Hope that something good will happen
Watch TV
Look happy
Carry a bag
Earn a salary
Meet somebody for the first time
Do an exam, test, course, housework the washing up, sport, yoga, aerobics
Wait for a bus
Look at a photo
Look like your mother
Studijní materiály
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 76 – 77. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 140. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 5: Podmínkové věty – druhá podmínka;
zvířata
Klíčové pojmy:
Animals, nature, second conditional, would
Cíle kapitoly:
 Slovní zásoba na téma příroda, zvířata
 Podmínkové věty – pravidla pro používání druhé podmínky
 Podmiňovací způsob – procvičení (sloveso would)
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Whaling
Whaling is the hunting of whales primarily for meat and oil. Its earliest forms date to at least
3000 BC.[1]
Various coastal communities have long histories of subsistence whaling and
harvesting beached whales. Industrial whaling emerged with organized fleets in the 17th
century; competitive national whaling industries in the 18th and 19th centuries; and the
introduction of factory ships along with the concept of whale harvesting in the first half of the
20th century.
As technology increased and demand for the resources remained, catches far exceeded the
sustainable limit for whale stocks. In the late 1930s, more than 50,000 whales were killed
annually[2]
and by the middle of the century whale stocks were not being replenished. In 1986,
the International Whaling Commission (IWC) banned commercial whaling so that stocks might
recover.
While the moratorium has been successful in averting the extinction of whale species due to
overhunting, contemporary whaling is subject to intense debate. Pro-whaling countries, notably
Japan, wish to lift the ban on stocks that they claim have recovered sufficiently to sustain limited
hunting. Anti-whaling countries and environmental groups say whale species remain vulnerable
and that whaling is immoral, unsustainable, and should remain banned permanently.
SM29/2012-8
Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling
Cvičení
Text Question:
1) Explain why whaling is a major problem in today's world?
2) Do you know of any organizations that focus on protection of nature and animals?
3) Why are whales hunted?
4) Do you know of some pro-whaling countries?
5) Do you know about any other endangered animals?
Klíč k řešení otázek
1 because whales are among endangered species
2 greenpeace
3 for meat
4 Japan
5 eagles
Studijní materiály
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling
Výklad:
Second Conditional
Second Conditional (if +past, would + infinitive)
We use second conditional to talk about an improbable or hypothetical future situation and its
consequence.
If I had time on Friday, I would help you. (I am away on Friday)
If I didn’t have dogs, I would live in the city.
Would you take that job, if they offered it to you?
Cvičení
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of verbs. Use the second conditional.
1. If we ______ a garden, we _____________a dog.
SM29/2012-8
2. If I ________ more money, I __________a house at the seaside.
3. Would you ______ it if I _______ it for you?
4. Would you _______with me if I ____ to live in the US?
5. You would _______ better if you _______ drinking.
2 Divide the following animals intothe three categories:
Insects, domestic animals, wild animals
Cow
Butterfly
Fly
Kangaroo
Wasp
Bull
Elephant
Chicken
Bee
Spider
Giraffe
Mosquito
Bear
Goat
Klíč k řešení otázek
1)
1. If we had a garden, we would have a dog.
2. If I had more money, I would buy a house at the seaside.
3. Would you wear it if I bought it for you?
4. Would you come with me if I went to live in the US?
5. You would feel better if you stopped drinking.
2) Insects: butterfly, fly, mosquito, wasp, spider, bee
Domestic animals: goat, cow, bull, chicken
Wild animals: kangaroo, giraffe, bear
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making_process
SM29/2012-8
Studijní materiály
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 78 - 79. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 140. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 6: Rozhodování; may, might, should,
shouldn´t, tvorba slov
Klíčové pojmy:
Decision, decide, noun suffixes, modals, should, may, might
Cíle kapitoly:
 Decision-making proces, rozhodování, life decisions
 Slovotvorné přípony – podstatná jména
 Vyjádření pravděpodobnosti
 seznámení se s modálními slovesy vyjadřujícími možnost a doporučení
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Decisions, decisions....
Decision making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a course
of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final
choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.
Human performance in decision terms has been the subject of active research from several
perspectives. From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decisions
in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek. From a
cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continuous process
integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis
of individual decisions is concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality and the
invariant choice it leads to.
Yet, at another level, it might be regarded as a problem solving activity which is terminated
when a satisfactory solution is reached. Therefore, decision making is a reasoning or emotional
process which can be rational or irrational, can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit
assumptions. Decisions are likely to be involuntary and following the decision, we spend time
analyzing the cost and benefits of that decision. This is known as "Rational Choice Theory,"
which encompasses the notion that we maximize benefits and minimize the costs.
One must keep in mind that most decisions are made unconsciously. Jim Nightingale, Author
of Think Smart-Act Smart, states that "we simply decide without thinking much about the
decision process." In a controlled environment, such as a classroom, instructors encourage
students to weigh pros and cons before making a decision. However in the real world, most of
our decisions are made unconsciously in our mind because frankly, it would take too much time
to sit down and list the pros and cons of each decision we must make on a daily basis.
SM29/2012-8
Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists
apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions. For example, medical
decision making often involves making a diagnosis and selecting an appropriate treatment.
Some research using naturalistic methods shows, however, that in situations with higher time
pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts use intuitive decision making rather
than structured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of
indicators into the expert's experience and immediately arrive at a satisfactory course of action
without weighing alternatives. Recent robust decision efforts have formally integrated
uncertainty into the decision making process. However, decision analysis, recognized and
included uncertainties with a structured and rationally justifiable method of decision making
since its conception in 1964.
A major part of decision making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in
terms of evaluative criteria. “Information Overload” is when there is a substantial gap between
the capacity of information and the ways we adapt. The overload of information can be related
to problems processing and tasking, which impacts decision making. These criteria may be
benefit or cost in nature. Then the problem might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how
attractive they are to the decision maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously.
Another goal might be to just find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority
of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when
all the criteria are considered simultaneously.
Cvičení
Text Questions:
1. What is the result of a decision making process?
2. How are most decisions made?
3. What is a “Rational Choice Theory”?
4. Where is the logical decision making important?
5. What does a major part of decision making involve?
SM29/2012-8
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. What is the result of a decision making process?
The result is a decision.
2. How are most decisions made?
Most decisions are made unconsciously.
3. What is a “Rational Choice Theory”?
Rational Choice Theory says we spend time analyzing the cost and benefits of the decision
during the decision making process.
4. Where is the logical decision making important?
Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based professions.
5. What does a major part of decision making involve?
A major part of decision making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in
terms of evaluative criteria.
Studijní materiály
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making_process
Výklad:
Modal verbs – should/shouldn’t, may/might, word formation – nouns
Modal verbs
Should/shouldn’t – advice
I think she should slow down.
I should go for a walk now.
We use should/shouldn’t to say what we think is/ is not good to do.
We use should/shouldn’t to give advice
Should/shouldn’t is the same for all persons
May/might
We might go for a trip tomorrow.
I may go for a trip too.
We use may, might /may not, might not to talk about the future possibility
Vocabulary – word formation – nouns
We can make a noun by adding – ion, -sion, -ation with some verbs:
Verb Noun
Organize organization
SM29/2012-8
Elect election
Inform information
Confuse confusion
Cvičení
Fill in the sentences with should/shouldn’t, may/might
Thomas was not at the match today. He _____ be ill.
I ________ do the homework today, but I am too lazy.
I think he ______ come, he likes this band.
You definitely _________ go there, it will be terribly boring.
I ______ say, it is a good idea. I love it.
Word formation
Form the nouns by adding the right suffix.
Confuse confusion
decide
imagine
educate
communicate
translate
organize
invite
elect
inform
Klíč k řešení otázek
1)
a) Thomas was not at the match today. He may/might be ill.
b) I should do the homework today, but I am too lazy.
c) I think he may/might come, he likes this band.
d) You definitely shouldn’t go there, it will be terribly boring.
e) I might/may say, it is a good idea. I love it.
SM29/2012-8
2)
Confuse confusion
Decide decision
Imagine imagination
Educate education
Communicate communication
Translate translation
Organize organization
Invite invitation
Elect election
Inform information
Studijní materiály
SM29/2012-8
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 140. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 7: Strachy a fobie; předpřítomný čas prostý
Klíčové pojmy:
Fears, phobias, therapy, present perfect, auxiliary verb
Cíle kapitoly:
 seznámení se se slovní zásobou na téma strach a fobia
 schopnost vyjádřit Mám strach, bojím se
 schopnost vyjádřit dobu trvání nějakého jevu, otázka HOW LONG…?
 Předpřítomný čas – použití pro zdůraznění trvání neukončené minulosti
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Phobia
A phobia (from the Greek: φόβος, Phóbos, meaning "fear" or "morbid fear") is a type of anxiety
disorder, when used in the context of clinical psycholgy. It is usually defined as a persistent
fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer goes to great lengths to avoid something and
this action is typically disproportional to the actual danger posed. It is recognized as irrational.
The phobia cannot be entirely avoided entirely during the event; the sufferer will endure the
situation or object with marked distress and significant interference in social or occupational
activities.[1]
The terms distress and impairment, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR), should also take the context of the sufferer's
environment into account if a diagnosis is being attempted. The DSM-IV-TR states that if a
phobic stimulus, whether it be an object or a social situation, is entirely absent within an
environment, then a diagnosis cannot be made. An example of this situation would be an
individual who has a fear of mice (Suriphobia) but he or she lives in an area devoid of mice.
Even though the concept of mice causes marked distress and impairment within the individual,
because the individual does not encounter mice in the environment no actual distress or
impairment is ever experienced. The proximity and the degree to which an escape from the
phobic stimulus is impossible should also be considered. As the sufferer approaches a phobic
SM29/2012-8
stimulus, the anxiety levels increase (e.g. as one gets closer to a snake, fear increases in
ophidiophobia), and the degree to which an escape from the phobic stimulus is limited. It has
the effect of varying the intensity of fear in instances such as riding an elevator (e.g.the anxiety
increases at the midway point between floors and decreases when the floor is reached and the
doors open).[2]
The term phobia is encompasses many areas and it is usually discussed in terms of specific
phobias and social phobias.
Cvičení
Text Questions:
1) Explain the term phobia? What is the origin of this word?
2) Do you know if you have any of any phobias?
3) If so, do you think that this phobia is curable?
4) Do you know about any unusual phobias?
5) Is phobia the same as fear?
- Klíč k řešení otázek
1) unexplainable fear of something very common; Latin origin
4) cenosilicaphobia – fear of empty beer glass
5) it is different
Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 70 - 71. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobias
SM29/2012-8
Výklad:
Present perfect simple
Subject + have/has + past participle
Affirmative
I/you/we/they have (‘ve) been to Paris.
He/she/it has (‘s) been to Paris.
Negative
I/you//we/they have not (haven’t) been to Paris.
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been to Paris
Question
Have you/we/they been to Paris?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Has he/she/it been to Paris?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
- We use the present perfect simple to talk about the past actions that are still
happening now.
- We use the present perfect simple + how long to talk about how long the action
has been in progress
SM29/2012-8
Cvičení
Present perfect – fears, phobias
1) Form the answers to the questions in the present perfect.
Do you know where Tom is? Yes, (I/just/see/him). – Yes, I have just seen him.
a) What time is Sarah leaving? – She/already/leave.
b) Are Bob and Ally coming for dinner today? – No, they/already/eaten
c) Is the teacher here yet? – No, She/not/arrive/yet.
d) What did you have for lunch today? – I/have/not/today.
e) What does she think about your new book? I don’t know. – She/not/read/it/yet.
2) Fears and phobias. Fill in these words into the sentences.
Flying heights snakes spiders water
animals
a) My mum has always been afraid of ……………….. She can’t swim.
b) Aren’t you afraid of …………………. ? I can’t even have a look out of the
window how high it is.
c) Rupert has always been afraid of ………….. Especially that ones with hairy
legs.
d) My sister is terribly afraid of ……………….. . We saw a viper in the forest
and she run away.
e) My father was not afraid of ……………….. since that terrible accident in
which the plane was totally damaged.
f) One of my friends has an animal phobia. She is afraid of all ……………….
- Klíč k řešení otázek
Key to exercises:
1) a) She has already left.
b) No, They have already eaten.
c) No, she has not arrived yet.
d) I have not had lunch today.
SM29/2012-8
e) She has not read it yet.
2)
a) My mum has always been afraid of water. She can’t swim.
b) Aren’t you afraid of heights? I can’t even have a look out of the window how
high it is.
c) Rupert has always been afraid of spiders. Especially that ones with hairy
legs.
d) My sister is terribly afraid of snakes. We saw a viper in the forest and she
run away.
e) My father was not afraid of flying since that terrible accident in which the
plane was totally damaged.
f) One of my friends has an animal phobia. She is afraid of all animals.
Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 70 - 71. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 21 - 23. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 8: Vazba Used to; school days.
Klíčové pojmy:
Repeated past, used to, infinitive, educational system
Cíle kapitoly:
 seznámení se se slovní zásobou na téma škola a školský systém
 popis vzdělávacího systému v České Republice
 používání vazby used to v otázkách, oznamovacích větách a záporu
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
My school days
1 …..
St. Mary´s Primary School in Largs, a small Scottish town. Then Largs Academy, the local
secondary school.
2 …..
No, my school report usually used to say „friendly and well-behaved“. I don´t think I was
rebellious, in fact I used to be quite shy. I became more of a rebel in seconary school. I stayed
until I was eighteen, but I was quite lazy and uninterested and I didn´t use to do much work.
3….
I used to love English and art, but I wasn´t very good at maths. In English lessons we used to
read plays, and I sat at the back of the class thinking „Why can´t you all act a bit better?“ It was
the first time I thought about being an actor.
4 ……
I used to love Miss O´Toole, one of my primary teachers. I loved her because at school, evven
if you were doing maths with her, which I didn´t like, she used to let me draw, and she never
got angry. At secondary school, I liked my biology teacher, Mr Scott, and my geography
teacher, Mr Bruner, because they were nice poeple, although I wasn´t very good at their
subjects.
SM29/2012-8
5…..
As a little girl I wanted to be a movie star, and I used to make my dad act out scenes with me.
I also wanted to be a make-up artist.
6….
Try to do the thing you love most – even if you think it´s silly. I´ve learned most through
working and acting, because it teaches me about life. To earn money by doing something you
love can only make you a happier person.
Cvičení
Read the interview. Write questions in the correct place.
a) Did you have a favourite teacher?
b) Where did you go to school?
c) Did you ever get into trouble?
d) What´s the most important lesson you´ve learned in life?
e) What did you want to do when you were young?
f) What subjects were you good at?
- Klíč k řešení otázek
1b, 2c, 3f, 4a, 5e, 6d
- Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 63. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Výklad:
Used to / didn’t use to
I, he, she, it, we, you, they used to wear long hair.
Did you use to wear long hair? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
I didn’t use to wear long hair.
SM29/2012-8
- Used to/ didn’t used to have the same form for all persons.
- We use used to + infinitive to talk about things which were true in the past and
usually are not true now, or for actions that happened regularly in the past.
- We use used to/didn’t use to when we talk for example about our childhood
Cvičení
1) Fill in Used to + the appropriate verb. Look at the example.
I don’t do much exercise now. I used to exercise more.
a) My way to work is much shorter since we moved into the town, it takes me only
about 20 minutes. It …………………………. almost one hour.
b) Tonny was a fat child. He ……………………….. lots of sweets and did not do any
sport.
c) Theresa doesn’t travel much. In the past she ………………………. a lot every
summer.
d) There ……………………….. a shop at the corner of the street. Now it is closed.
e) When I lived in Prague, I ……………………………………to the National theatre
at least twice a year.
f) My sister …………………….lot of money on clothes. Since she lost the job, she
can’t afford it.
2) Write 5 sentences about what you used to do in the childhood or how you used to
look like as a child. You can also used didn’t use to. Look at the example:
When I was a child I used to be very skinny. / I didn’t use to wear brace when I was a child.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
SM29/2012-8
- Klíč k řešení otázek
a) My way to work is much shorter since we moved into the town, it takes me only
about 20 minutes. It used to take me almost one hour.
b) Tonny was a fat child. He used to eat lots of sweets and did not do any sport.
c) Theresa doesn’t travel much. In the past she used to travel a lot every summer.
d) There used to be a shop at the corner of the street. Now it is closed.
e) When I lived in Prague, I used to go to the National theatre at least twice a year.
f) My sister used to spend lot of money on clothes. Since she lost the job, she can’t
afford it.
Studijní materiály
 MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 36 - 37. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 9: Rozdíl mezi předpřítomným časem
prostým a minulým časem prostým; hudba
Klíčové pojmy:
Music, musician, genre, present perfect, past simple
Cíle kapitoly:
 Osvojení si slovní zásoby na téma hudba, diskuse o oblíbeném žánru
 Rozdíl v použití předpřítomného času prostého a minulého času prostého, typické situace
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Bob Marley (1945 – 1981) is often called the father of reggae as he did more than anybody to
make this kind of music popular all over the world. His eldest son Ziggy has followed in his
father´s footsteps and is a very respected reggae musician.
1
He and three of his brothers and sisters formed a band called The Melody Makers, and they
played at their father´s funeral.
2
He had eleven children with several different women. However, he only married on eof them,
Rita Marley in 1966.
3
He has been a musician since he was ten, when his father bought him his first guitar.
4
He has lived in Miami for many years with his wife Orly, and they have three children.
5
He has won four Grammy awards for his music, including Best Reggae Album.
6
He injured his foot playing football and he later became ill with cancer. He died four years later
aged 36.
7
He was born in a small village in Jamaica. His father was a captain in the British army.
8
SM29/2012-8
He was born in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1968 and he was 13 years ol when his father died. His
father´s last words to him were “Money can´t buy you life”.
9
His music was very influenced by social problems in his homeland, Jamaica.
10
With his band, The Wailers, he made eleven albums. His most famous songs included No
Woman, No Cry, Three Little Birds, and I shot the Sheriff.
Cvičení
Read ten facts about the lives of the two men. Decide which five are about Bob Marley and
which are about Ziggy Marley.
- Klíč k řešení otázek
Bob Marley – 2,6,7,9,10
Ziggy Marley – 1,3,4,5,8
Studijní materiály
 OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 72. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Výklad:
Present perfect x past simple
Present perfect simple
Subject + have/has + past participle
Affirmative
I/you/we/they have (‘ve) been to Paris.
He/she/it has (‘s) been to Paris.
Negative
SM29/2012-8
I/you//we/they have not (haven’t) been to Paris.
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been to Paris
Question
Have you/we/they been to Paris?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Has he/she/it been to Paris?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
- We use the present perfect simple to talk about the past actions and experiences.
- We use the present perfect simple if we do not know exactly when it happened.
Past simple
To be
Affirmative
I/he/she/it was at home.
You/we/they were at home.
Question
Was I/he/she/it at home?
Were you/we they at home?
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Negative
I/he/she/it was not at home.
You/we/they were not at home.
Regular and irregular verbs
Regular verbs Irregular verbs
infinitive past There is about one hundred of irregular verbs, we
work worked have to remember the past form by heart.
SM29/2012-8
study studied for example:
stop stopped infinitive – write past - wrote
Affirmative
I/he/she/it/you/we/they worked yesterday.
Question
Did I/he/she/it/you/we/they work yesterday?
Negative
I/he/she/it/you/we/they didn’t work yesterday?
Past simple x present perfect simple
- We use the present simple:
- to talk about the actions and things which happened in the past and are FINISHED
- to talk about the actions and things which were true in the past
- generally for the periods of time in the past which are finished
- We use the present perfect simple:
- to talk about actions or things that began in the past and are still true
- to talk about the experience, how many times we have done something, etc.
- To talk about the past experience when we don’t say when it happened
Cvičení
Present perfect simple x past simple
Put the verbs in bracket into the correct tense – present perfect simple or past simple.
a) The school is different than it used to be. It……..has changed a lot. (change)
b) She ……….. for a while, but now she’s out again. (come)
c) Amanda studied Italian at school, but now she ……………..most of it. (forget)
d) Yesterday I ……………… a new pair of shoes. (buy)
e) I can’t find it anywhere. I …… probably …… it. (lose)
f) Where is my car? It ………… in the garden. Did you borrow it? (be)
g) Who …………….. the telephone? (invent)
h) I …………………… the recorder. It’s working perfectly now. (repair)
Fill in the right form of a verb – use the present perfect simple or the past simple
SM29/2012-8
Where does Tony live now? – In London. (live)
a) How long …………….. here? (she/live) – For two years, she …………. in June to
Plzeň. (move)
b) Raul and Ann are good friends. They ………………… each other for 20 years. (know)
c) I work as a shop assistant. I …………… here for 10 years. (work)
d) I ……………….. any fruit today. (eat)
e) I ……………….. a car today. (drive)
f) It ……………….. last week (not rain).
g) I’m looking for Thomas. ………you………….him? (see)
h) Mary ……………………school in 2004. (leave)
i) ……….Lisa at the party last weekend? (be)
j) I ……….football last summer. (not play).
k) ……you……….. this film? (see). – yes, once.
l) ……you at work yesterday? (be)
Klíč k řešení otázek
1)
a) The school is different than it used to be. It……..has changed a lot. (change)
b) She came for a while, but now she’s out again. (come)
c) Amanda studied Italian at school, but now she’s forgotten most of it. (forget)
d) Yesterday I bought a new pair of shoes. (buy)
e) I can’t find it anywhere. I’ve probably lost it. (lose)
f) Where is my car? It was in the garden. Did you borrow it? (be)
g) Who invented the telephone? (invent)
h) I’ve repaired the recorder. It’s working perfectly now. (repair)
2)
a) Where does Tony live now? – In London. (live)
b) How long has she lived here? (she/live) – For two years, she moved in June to
Plzeň. (move)
c) Raul and Ann are good friends. They’ve known each other for 20 years. (know)
d) I work as a shop assistant. I’ve worked here for 10 years. (work)
e) I haven’t eaten any fruit today. ( not eat)
f) I haven’t driven a car today. (not drive)
g) It didn’t rain last week (not rain).
h) I’m looking for Thomas. Did you see him? (see)
i) Mary left school in 2004. (leave)
j) Was Lisa at the party last weekend? (be)
k) I didn’t play football last summer. (not play).
l) Have you seen this film? (see). – yes, once.
m) Were you at work yesterday? (be)
SM29/2012-8
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 132. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
• MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 26 - 29. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 10 Objevy, vynálezy; trpný rod.
Klíčové pojmy:
Invent, discover, invention, discovery, passive voice, auxilary verb, past participle
Cíle kapitoly:
 Slovní zásoba související s objevy a v ynálezy, popis nejvýznamnějších objevů historie
 Rozdíl mezi VYNALÉZT a OBJEVIT
 Tvorba trpného rodu pomocí TO BE a minulého příčestí
 Rozdíl v použití aktiva a pasiva
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Did you know?
One of the most famous logos in the world is the Nike logo. It was …1… by an American
student, Carolyn Davidson, in 1971. Ms Davidson was only paid 35 dollars for her design.
However, she was later …2...a gold ring in the shape of the logo and Nike shares.
Tinned food was …3…. in 1810 in Britain by Peter Durand. Unfortunately, he did not also
invent a tin opener, so tins were …4….with difficulty using a knife and a hammer. It wasn´t
until nerly 50 years later that the American Ezra Warner invented the tin opener.
When people at toy company Parker Brothers were first …5….. the board game „Monopoly“,
they were not interested. They said it had 52 fundamental errors, including taking too long to
play. However, a few days later the company president saw the game and took it home to try it.
He stayed up until 1 a.m. to finish playing it, and the next day he wrote to the inventor, Charles
Darrow, and offered to buy it.
The modern game of golf was invented in Scotland in the 18th century. It was orginally only
…6.. by men, and was …7…“golf“ because of the rule Gentlemen Only Ladies Forbidden.
This is how the word golf entered into the English language.
Botox was first …8… in 1985 to correct strabismus (lazy eye) in children. The possibility of
using it to make people´s faces look younger was only …9… 20 years later.
The character Gregory House in the hit TV series House M.D. is …10…. on Conan Doyle´s
detective Sherlock Holmes. Like Holmes, House uses his intelligence and knowledge of
psychology to solve cases. House´s relationship with his friend Dr James Wilson is similar to
SM29/2012-8
that between Holmes and his friend, Dr John Watson, and the addresss on his driving licence is
221B Baker St, a direct reference to Holmes´s address.
Cvičení
Complete the text with the past participle of a verb from the list:
Base call design discover give
Invent open play show use
Klíč k řešení otázek
1 designed, 2 given, 3 invented, 4 opened, 5 showed, 6 played, 7 called, 8 used, 9 discovered,
10 based
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 77. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Výklad
Passive Voice
be + past participle
Present
Affirmative
This food is made with potatoes.
The classrooms are cleaned every evening.
Negative
This food is not made with potatoes.
The classrooms are not cleaned every evening.
Question
Is it made with potatoes?
Are the classrooms cleaned every evening?
SM29/2012-8
Past
Affirmative
The picture was painted in 1937.
The photos were taken yesterday.
Negative
The picture was not painted in 1937.
The photos were not taken yesterday.
Question
Was the picture painted in 1937?
Were the photos taken yesterday?
Cvičení
Passive Voice
1) Fill in the following verbs in the correct form (present or past) of the passive. You
sometimes need the negative.
build clean invite make paint write
employ damage wake
a) The cottage ……was built………… by my father and grandfather.
b) Ten people …………………….. in my brohter’s small company.
c) The floor ……………………….. perfectly. There was no dirt at all on it.
d) Although Adam and Lenka ………………… to the party they came.
e) This mistake ………still……………..by many students.
f) Mona Lisa …………………..by Leonadro da Vinci.
g) This book ………………….by famous Czech author, Škvorecký.
h) The house ……………….by water. It was last summer.
i) I ………….by a strange sound. It was a mouse probably.
2) Fill in the verb in the bracket. Use the passive – present or past.
SM29/2012-8
a) The dresses ………………….especially for her. It was a gift. (make)
b) America ……………………..by Christopher Columbus in 1492. (discover)
c) Football …………………….here every weekend. (play)
d) The songs ……………………last year. (record)
e) Some children ……………..in special schools. (educate)
f) Guernica ………………….by Picasso. (paint)
g) The offices ………………on Saturdays (not clean)
h) ……….it………with meat? (make)
i) The accident ……………………by thick traffic. (cause)
j) My umbrella …………….away by somebody this morning. (take)
k) The money …………………….. from the bank yesterday. (steel)
l) Somebody is behind us. We ………………… (follow)
Klíč k řešení otázek
1)
a) The cottage ……was built………… by my father and grandfather.
b) Ten people are employed in my brother’s small company.
c) The floor was cleaned perfectly. There was no dirt at all on it.
d) Although Adam and Lenka weren’t invited to the party they came.
e) This mistake is still made by many students.
f) Mona Lisa was painted/is painted by Leonadro da Vinci.
g) This book was written/is written by famous Czech author, Škvorecký.
h) The house was damaged by water. It was last summer.
i) I was woken by a strange sound. It was a mouse probably.
2)
a) The dresses were/are made especially for her. It was a gift. (make)
b) America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. (discover)
c) Football wass/is played here every weekend. (play)
d) The songs were recorded last year. (record)
e) Some children are educated in special schools. (educate)
f) Guernica was painted by Picasso. (paint)
g) The offices were not cleaned on Saturdays (not clean)
h) Was/Is it made with meat? (make)
i) The accident was/is caused by thick traffic. (cause)
j) My umbrella was taken away by somebody this morning. (take)
SM29/2012-8
k) The money was from the bank yesterday. (steel)
l) Somebody is behind us. We are followed. (follow)
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 77-78. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
• MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 84 - 89. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 11: Popis budovy; složeniny some, any, no.
Klíčové pojmy:
Description, building, describe, compounds, some, any, no
Cíle kapitoly:
 Osvojení si slovní zásoby k popisu budovy
 Schopnost popsat místo, kde žijeme
 Osvojení si pravidel pro používání zájmen some, any, no a jejich složenin
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
The Smallest House in Great Britain
The Smallest House in Great Britain, also known as the Quay House, is a tourist attraction on
the quay in Conwy, Wales. The house, which has a floor area of 3.05 metre by 1.8 metre (10
feet by 6 feet) and a height of 10 feet 2 inches, was used as a residence from the 16th century
until 1900; as its name indicates, it is reputed to be Britain's smallest house.
The house was lived in until 1900, when the owner was a 6 ft 3 inch (1.9 metres) fisherman
named Robert Jones. The rooms were too small for him to stand up in fully and he was
eventually forced to move out when the council declared the house unfit for human habitation.
The house is still owned by his descendants. In June 2006, there was a 50% loss of tourists to
the house because of nearby roadworks.
This house is currently red. It stands near the Conwy Castle walls and people can enter for £1.00
(or 50p for children). There is information about the house inside. A Welsh lady in traditional
clothing stands outside most days. The upstairs is so minute that there is room only for one bed
and a bedside cabinet. Visitors are unable to go upstairs to the first floor, due to structural
instability, but can view it from the step ladder.
SM29/2012-8
Cvičení
Text Questions:
1) Under which name is also known the smallest house in Britain?
2) Where is the smallest house located?
3) In which centuries was the house used as a residence?
4) What was the name of the owner of the house in 1900?
5) What is the current colour of the house?
Klíč k řešení otázek
1) Under which name is also known the smallest house in Britain? It is called a Quoy
House.
2) Where is the smallest house located? It is in Wales.
3) In which centuries was the house used as a residence? In the 16th
, 17th
, 18th
, and
19th
centuries.
4) What was the name of the owner of the house in 1900? His name was Robert Jones.
5) What is the current colour of the house? It is red now.
Studijní materiály
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallest_House_in_Great_Britain
Výklad:
Something, anything, nothing
Some = nějaký
- Used in affirmative sentences: There are some people there.
- In polite requests and offers: Can I have some tea? Would you like something to
drink?
Any: nějaký – in questions: Is there any problem?
Žádný – in negative sentences: No, I don´t have any problem.
SM29/2012-8
Jakýkoli – in affirmative sentences: Everybody knows the answer, so you can ask
anybody.
No – žádný - in negative sentences (with a positive verb)
I have no problem.
Compounds:
People – somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, on one
Things – something, anything, nothing
Places – somewhere, anywhere, nowhere
Cvičení
Something anything, nothing
1) Fill in something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, nobody, somewhere,
anywhere, nowhere.
a) The dog was barking, there probably was _________ in the street.
b) She didn’t like _______ in the class.
c) Let’s go ____________ nice.
d) I hope I didn’t forget _____________.
e) She got lost in the middle of ____________.
f) Do you need ___________?
g) He thought he didn’t need ____________.
h) Tom wanted ________ to see him.
Klíč k řešení otázek
a) The dog was barking, there was probably somebody in the street.
b) She didn’t like anybody in the class.
c) Let’s go somewhere nice.
d) I hope I didn’t forget anything.
e) She got lost in the middle of nowhere.
f) Do you need anything?
g) He thought he didn’t need anybody.
h) Tom wanted nobody to see him.
SM29/2012-8
- Studijní materiály
MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for
intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2012, s. 170 - 171. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 12: Zdraví a životní styl; frázová slovesa.
Klíčové pojmy:
Health, healthy lifestyle, advice, phrasal verbs, literal meaning
Cíle kapitoly:
-prohloubení si slovní zásoby na téma zdraví a životní styl
-schopnost popsat a zhodnotit zlozvyky a životní styl
-osvojení si základní problematiky frázových sloves, přenesený i doslovný význam.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Early bird
Sara Mohr-Pietsch tells us what i tis like to be an early morning presenter on the Breakfast
programme on BBC Radio 3.
1
I get up at 4.45 a.m. and leave the house at 5.20.
2
Yes. I usually set my radio alarm to come on at 4.30 so that I can wake up slowly as I listen to
the world news. I set my phone alarm for 4.45 and leave it on the other side of the room so I
have to get up to turn it off.
3
It depends – some mornings I feel rested and awake, but other mornings it´s quite hard to get
out of bed. It depends on the season. I find I need much more sleep in the winter.
4
If I´m slow to get up, then I wait until I´m in the studio before having breakfast, but most
mornings I have a bowl of cereal before I leave the house.
5
That depends on the season too. In the summer I usually wait until the morning to decide. But
in the winter I often leave clothes out the night before so that I can stay in bed until the last
minute.
6
A car picks me up at 5.20.
7
In the winter, any time between 8.30 and 9.30 p.m. In the summer, usually more like 9.00 to
10.00 p.m.
8
What social life? I certainly can´t go out for a wild night during the week, but I´m lucky because
a lot of my closest friends live near me, so I can see them in the evenings and still go to bed
quite early.
SM29/2012-8
9
Sometimes I think I would like to have more normal working hours, but I love my job so much
that I´d never want to give it up.The buzz of being “live” on the radio early in the morning as
peple start their days is really wonderful.
Cvičení
Read the interview with Sara. Match the questions and answers.
A Do you chose what you wear the night before?
B Do you have anything to eat before you go to work?
C Do you use an alarm clock to wake up?
D How do you feel when you wake up?
E How do you get to work?
F How does this affect your social life?
G What time do you get up when you´re doing the Breakfast show?
H What time do you go to bed when you´re working the next day?
I Would you like to change your working hours?
Klíč k řešení otázek
.
1 G, 2 C, 3 D, 4 B, 5 A, 6 E, 7 H, 8 F, 9 I
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 86. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
Výklad:
Word order of phrasal verbs:
Phrasal verb – verb + particle (preposition or adverb) which gives an extra meaning to it
Get up, turn on, look after
Word order: depends on the position of an object:
1) Phrasals without an object. Those can stand independently in the sentence:
Come in. Sit down.
2) Separable phrasals with an object:
SM29/2012-8
a) Object = noun – goes between the verb and particle or after the phrasal
b) = pronoun – object goes BETWEEN the verb and particle
Cvičení
a) Complete the sentences with the right particle:
1. Turn …… the radio. It´s too loud.
2. What time do you usually get ……. in the morning?
3. John phoned when you were out. He´ll call …….. later.
4. My brother is looking ……. a new job.
5. I think you should throw ……. those old jeans.
6. I always try ……… new clothes before I buy them.
7. I have to look ……… my little sister tonight.
8. You should write …….. new words in your book.
b) Complete the sentences with it or them.
1. I can´t hear the radio. Turn ………….
2. Your clothes are all over the floor. Pick ……….
3. Here´s your coat. Put ……………
4. What does this word mean? Look …………
5. Your shoes are wet. Take ……………
6. I don´t need those papers. Throw ……………
7. Don´t watch the TV now. Turn …………
Klíč k řešení otázek
a) 1 down, 2 up, 3 back, 4 for, 5 away, 6 on, 7 after, 8 down
b) 1 it up, 2 them up, 3 it on, 4 it up, 5 them off, 6 them away, 7 it off
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 47. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
• MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 264 - 274. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4
SM29/2012-8
Kapitola 13: Shrnutí látky; procvičení vybraných
gramatických jevů
Klíčové pojmy:
Verb tenses, prepositions, adjectives
Cíle kapitoly:
- závěrečné opakování
- Shrnutí a procvičení probrané slovní zásoby
- procvičení všech osvojených dovedností na základě struktury mezinárodní
zkoušky B1
- procvičení vybraných gramatických a lexikálních jevů
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 5 hodin
Výklad:
Angelina was born in LA in 1976. She loved movies and 1) starred / started acting classes to
follow her dream of movie 2)starred / stardom. She was rebellious and became a 3) punk /
pink with dyed purple hair and tattoos. Her movie career took off in 1997 and within a few
years she had won an Oscar. Her 2001 role as Lara Croft in the blockbuster “Tomb Raider” 4)
shot / shoot her to international fame.
Angelina hasn’t 5) limiting / limited her career to acting. She became involved in
humanitarian work while filming in Cambodia. She is now 6) a / an UN Goodwill
Ambassador, visiting refugee camps in poor countries. She 7) donations / donates large sums
of money to help the plight of underprivileged people. She has effectively 8) used to / used
her stardom to highlight world problems.
Unfortunately, Jolie’s personal life has come to overshadow her 9) other / another pursuits.
The tabloids are obsessed with her relationships, especially the 10) current / currant one with
Brad Pitt. The couple is now referred to 11) didn’t / not as Brad and Angelina but as
“Brangelina”. The media seem more caught 12) up / on with what they eat and drink than the
important humanitarian work Angelina continues to do.
Helping other people is what13) truly / truth motivates Angelina. In 2001, she said: “We
cannot close ourselves 14) off / on…and ignore the fact that millions of people are 15) in / out
there suffering.” In addition to acting awards, she has received wide recognition for her
humanitarian work. She became the first winner of the UN’s Citizen of the World Award. It
seems 16) likeable / likely more accolades will follow.
SM29/2012-8
Cvičení
Choose the right word:
Klíč k řešení otázek
1 started, 2 stardom, 3 punk, 4 shot, 5 limited, 6 a, 7 donates, 8 used, 9 other, 10 current, 11
not, 12 up, 13 truly, 14 off, 15 out, 16) likely
Studijní materiály
https://www.famouspeoplelessons.com/a/angelina_jolie.html
Výklad:
Modal verbs
should - měl bych
shall - mám (něco udělat)
can - můžu, umím
could - mohl bych
must - musím, určitě
don´t have to - nemusím
mustn´t - nesmím
can´t - nemůžu, neumím
shouldn´t - neměl bych
might - možná
may - moci, smět (zdvořilejší forma)
použití: s holým infinitivem (bez to)
I can go. She can´t sing. We should leave. You mustn´t smoke in here. It must be like this. We
ought to know it. they might come at five. I needn´t study today.
Otázka: Shall I come? What shall I bring? Should I start now? Must you really go? Can you
call me? could she speak with him?
Have to - muset: don´t have to / doesn´t have to - nemuset
použití s holým infitivem - I have to work overtime tonight.
otázka: Do you have to go? Does she have to stay there?
zápor: I don´t have to leave. We don´t have to go by bus. She doesn´t have to walk the dog, her
SM29/2012-8
mother has already done it.
rozdíl mezi have to x must:
must - silné doporučení, vnitřní povinnost, mluvčí sám cítí že je to nutné: I must think about it
before I answer it. The film was amazing, you must see it.
have to: nutí nás vnější okolnosti: I had to stay at work till six pm, because my boss wanted it.
! u záporu záleží na překladu - I mustn´t - nesmím, I don´t have to – nemusím
Cvičení
a) Přeložte:
Nesmím kouřit. Nemusíte to vědět. Můžu řídit? Mohla bych mluvit s ředitelem? Můžu přijít v
šest? Neumím zpívat. Musím tu uklidit, je tu nepořádek. Neměla bych to dělat.
b) Rozhodněte zda použít must x have to:
1. You must / have to wear seat belts. 2. I feel I´m getting worse at English. I must / have to
study more. 3. I must / have to arrive at work at 8. My boss is very strict. 4. You have a runny
nose and I´ve just heard you coughing. You must / have to be ill. 5. you mustn´t / don´t have to
leave your bags unattended. Somebody could steal them.
c) Have to v různých časech: přeložte:
Budeme muset čekat. Musel jsem tam jít. Ona musela pracovat přesčas. Budeme to muset
zařídit do konce týdne.
Klíč k řešení otázek
a)
I mustn´t smoke. You don´t have to know. Can I drive? Can I speak to the director? Could
I come at six? I can´t sing. I must clean it here. I shouldn´t do it.
b) Decide whether to use must or have to:
1 must, 2 must, 3 have to, 4 must, 5 mustn´t
c) We will have to wait. I had to go there. She had to work overtime. We will have to
arrange it by the end of the week.
SM29/2012-8
Studijní materiály
• OXENDEN, Clive, Christina KOENIG LATHAM a Paul SELINGSON, 2012.
English File third edition Pre-intermediate Student's Book with iTutor. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2. 167 stran. s. 56 - 58. ISBN 978-0-945988-1-1.
• MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012, s. 53 - 75. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4