Cizí jazyk III
Studijní opora
Daniel Raušer
2017 České Budějovice
1. vydání
© Vysoká škola technická a ekonomická v Českých Budějovicích, 2016
Vydala: Vysoká škola technická a ekonomická v Českých Budějovicích, Okružní 10, 370 01 České Budějovice
Za obsahovou a jazykovou správnost odpovídají autoři a vedoucí příslušných kateder.
Cíl předmětu
Cílem předmětu je rozšíření a prohloubení jazykových dovedností a znalostí z úrovně BI na B1+, tj. na úroveň (úrovně) vyšší, dle Společného evropského referenčního rámce pro cizí jazyky, osvojení si všeobecné slovní zásoby a dovedností v kategorii poslechu, čtení, konverzaci i písemném projevu (delší promluvy a přednášky, výměna názorů, diskuze, televizní zprávy, programy a články zabývající se současnými tématy).
Výstupy z učení
Po úspěšném absolvování tohoto předmětu rozumí studentky a studenti hlavním myšlenkám, přednáškám a diskuzím a také většině televizních a rozhlasových pořadů. Chápou obsah a význam textů ze svého oboru nebo okruhu zájmů. Umí zahájit, udržovat a ukončit konverzaci, obhájit své názory a účastnit se rozhovoru plynule a spontánně. Jsou schopni podrobně popsat širokou škálu témat ze své oblasti zájmu či oboru, ústně shrnout vyslechnuté rozhovory a diskuse, logicky strukturovat myšlenkové pochody a zároveň je vzájemně propojovat. Napíší podrobné texty typu slohové práce či eseje na témata, která souvisí s jejich zájmy, umí písemně shrnout informace z různých pramenů a médií a v textu j sou schopni vyzdvihnout důležité body.
Základní okruhy studia
1) Jídlo a restaurace. Přítomný čas prostý, Přítomný čas průběhový.
2) Sport. Minulý čas prostý, Minulý čas průběhový, Předminulý čas.
3) Rodina a osobnost. Going to, Přítomný čas průběhový, Will / Shall.
4) Peníze. Předpřítomný čas prostý, Minulý čas prostý.
5) Životní změny. Předpřítomný čas průběhový.
6) Novodobé způsoby. Stupňování přídavných jmen.
7) Mobilní telefony, komunikační technologie. Must, Have to, Should.
8) Popisování osob, první dojem. Must, May, Might, Can't.
9) Pocity. Can, Could, Be able to.
10) Vzdělávání. První kondicionál.
11) Formální a neformální psaní. Druhý kondicionál.
12) Přátelství a vztahy. Usually, Used to.
13) Jobs; příprava na test.
Povinná literatura (minimálně dvě knihy)
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780194518895.
•   MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, x, 380 s. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4.
Studijní průvodce
Klíčové pojmy
Cíle kapitoly
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly
Výklad
Úkoly k zamyšlení a diskuzi
O-
Klíč k řešení otázek
Studijní materiály
Kapitola 1: Jídlo a restaurace. Přítomný čas prostý, Přítomný čas průběhový
Eating habbits, present simple, present continuous, stative and dynamic verbs
ví Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se jídla a stravování,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ přítomný čas prostý, přítomný čas průběhový - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
I=> Vyklad:
Is It Right to Eat Meat?
Yes
Some people think that in an ideal world we would all be vegetarians. A lot of poor unfortunate animals would therefore be able to enjoy their lives without the prospect of needless suffering and a premature death. But the way I look at it is this. If we didn't eat meat, no one would keep sheep, cows or any other animals that provide food. We would never be able to enjoy watching young lambs and calves playing in the fields. Instead of trying to encourage people to do something which seems rather unnatural, why don't we try and make sure that food animals are treated well? Being vegetarian really isn't necessary. Let's just treat our animals with a bit of kindness and respect.
Klíčové pojmy:
No
It seems a bit hypocritical to preach for the better treatment of animals - only to kill them
and eat them! Of course we don't need to eat meat. I'm 82 years old and I've been a vegetarian since I was 25. What's more, I'm extremely fit and active. In fact, I ran the London Marathon last year. Some people seem to think it's natural to eat meat - but that's not so. Sure, we used to eat meat in the past, but that was before we knew how to grow enough fruit and vegetables. Anyway, not even all animals are vegetarian. Look at elephants, for example, they live on grass and hay; they are enormously strong; and they live to a great age.
Questions related to the text - Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
The texts say it is not right to eat animals. All animals are vegetarian.
Elephants can live very long even though they are vegetarians.
Key (Klíč k řešení otázek)
F F T
Studijní materiály:
MacANDREW, Richard, 2003. Instant Discussions. London, Helbling languages, UK. s.29. ISBN: 9780759396302
Present Simple
Form: to be Positive
I am at home. You/we/they are at home. He/she/it is at home. Negative
I am not at home. You/we/they are not at home. He/she/it is not at home.
Question
Am I at home? Yes, I am. X No, I am not. Are you/we/they at home? Yes, you/we/they are. X No, you/we/they are not. Is he/she/it at home? Yes, he/she/it is. X No, he/she/it is not.
Form: Other verbs
Positive
I/you/we/they like singing. He/she/it likes singing.
Negative
I/you/we/they don't like singing.     He/she/it doesn't like singing. Question
Do I/you/we/they like singing? Does he/she/it like singing?
Yes, I/you/we/they do. X No I/you/we/they don't.   Yes, he/she/it does. X No, he/she/it
doesn't.
Present simple is used for
repeated actions - habits, routines; permanent situations; things that are always true;
states, senses and feelings that are generally true with the verbs - believe, know, live, have, feel, like, taste;
states, senses and feelings that are happening around now - believe, know, have, feel, like, taste.
L^EF Present Continuous
Form: be + verb + ing Positive
I am driving. You/we/they are driving. He/she/it is driving.
Negative
I am not driving.
You/we/they are not driving.
He/she/it is not driving.
Question
Am I driving?
Are you/we/they driving? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
Is he/she/it driving?
Yes, I am.
Yes, he is.
No, I am not.
No, he isn't.
Present continuous is used
for actions and things happening now, at this moment; to express certain planned actions in the future;
when some words change or keep their written form: dream - dreaming, drive -driving, stop - stopping, play - playing
• Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences in the present simple or present continuous:
1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) I her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I (work) I as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)
French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)
5.1 hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. drives, 2. work, am studying, 3. is sleeping, 4. is raining, 5. always rains.
Studijní materiály:
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s. 130 - 131.ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 2: Sport. Minulý čas prostý, Minulý čas průběhový, Předminulý čas.
tí Klíčové pojmy:
Sports, sport activities, facilities, past simple, past continuous, past perfect
Cíle kapitoly:
■ Seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se rozdílných sportů a sportovních ploch,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ minulý čas prostý, minulý čas průběhový, předminulý čas - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny E> Výklad:
Extreme Sports
Extreme sports (also called action sports, aggro sports, adventure sports) is a popular term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of danger. There are more than forty kinds of extreme sports. They gained popularity in the 1990's, when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games (The X Games is a sports event, controlled and arranged by the U.S., which focuses on extreme sports.) and the Extreme Sports Channel and Extreme.com launched. While use of the term "extreme sport" has spread far and wide to describe a multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports. Extreme sports are considered to be the domain of the youth; however, they tend to have younger followers. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than traditional sports. In addition, beginning extreme athletes tend to work on their craft without the guidance of a coach. In a
traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers and wave height and shape for surfers.
Whilst traditional sporting judgement criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score, etc.), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria. This results in a tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sports.
• Cvičeni
Questions on the text: Decide whether the sentences are true or false:
1. The texts say it is not right to eat animals.
2. All animals are vegetarian.
3. Elephants can live very long even though they are vegetarians.
Klíč k řešení otázek
Key: IF, 2F, 3T
Studijní materiály:
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Extreme_sport site
l=> Výklad
Past Simple
Form: Regular verbs + ed or +d
Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They started at 8 o'clock. I/You/He/She/It/We/They waited at home. I/You/He/She/It/We/They lived there until 2010.
Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn't) start at 8 o'clock. I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't wait at home. I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't live there until 2010.
Question
Did FYou/He/She/It/We/They start at 8 o'clock?
Yes, I/You/He/She/ItAVe/They did. X No, I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't.
Form: Irregular verbs (give - gave, put - put, buy - bought)
Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They gave her a present. I/You/He/She/It/We/They put it on the table. I/You/He/She/It/We/They bought a new car.
Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't give her a present. I/You/He/She/ItAVe/They didn't put it on the table. I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't buy a new car.
Question
Do I/You/He/She/It/We/They give her a present?
Yes, I/You/He/She/It/We/They did. X No I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't.
Past simple is used for
finished actions in the past.
Past Continuous
Form: was I were + verb + ing
Positive
I was waiting for her. He/She was just having his / her dinner. It was raining. We/You/They were laughing.
Negative
I was not (wasn't) waiting for her. He/She wasn't just having his her dinner. It wasn't raining. We/You/They were not (weren't) laughing.
Question
Was I driving? Were you/we/they driving?
Yes, I was. Yes, you/we/they were.
No, I was not. No, you/we/they weren't.
Was he/she driving? Was it raining? Yes, he/she was. Yes, it was.
No, he/she wasn't.       No, it wasn't.
Past continuous is used
to describe an action in progress at a specific time in the past (He was sleeping at 10 o'clock. They were studying for 5 hours yesterday.);
to express that an action in progress was interrupted (She was having shower when the telephone rang.);
to describe two or more actions in progress not influencing each other (They were watching TV while I was reading a book.).
Past Perfect
Form: had + past participle
Positive
When I/you/he/she/it/we/they turned on the TV, the match had finished. I/You/He/She/It/We/They had started cooking the meal when they called me to say they couldn't come.
I arrived too late as all the people had left. Negative
When I/you/he/she/it/we/they turned on the TV, the match had not (hadn't) finished.
Question
Had the match finished when I/you/he/she/it/we/they turned on the TV?
Yes, it had. X No, it hadn't.
Had all the people left when you arrived?
Yes, they had. X No, they hadn't.
Past perfect is used
when describing or talking about an action that happened before the past time.
Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences in the past simple, past continuous or past perfect:
1. My
2. We
brother
J (get) married last year, (have) dinner when Sally called.
3. John got to the cinema late and the film_ (start) when he arrived.
4. I was driving home when the accident L" 1 (happen).
5. I (you / watch) TV when I phoned?
6. 11 (study) really hard, but I I— (not pass) the exam.
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. got married, 2. were having, 3. had started, 4. happened, 5. were you watching, 6. had studied / didn't pass.
Studijní materiály:
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s. 130 - 131. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 3: Rodina a osobnost. Going to, Přítomný čas průběhový, Will / Shall.
Klíčové pojmy:
Family, family relations, personal traits, going to, present continuous, will, shall
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se rodiny, rodinných a příbuzenských vztahů a osobnostních rysů člověka,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ going to, přítomný čas průběhový, will / shall - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
I=> Vyklad:
Families in the Future
Family is a moving target. Our ideas about what constitutes a "normal" family have changed a lot since the 1960s, and there's no reason to believe they'll stop changing. Here are five different ideas about the future of the family.
1) Multiple family households Statistics show that multi-generational families are on the rise, mostly because housing and other things are getting so expensive. Likewise, two or more family groups may wind up deciding to live together in a single home to save money. Unrelated families sharing a home makes sense for all kind of reasons. Housing costs in large urban areas are becoming
increasingly untenable and families are finding it difficult to live on their own. But also, multiple families in a single household can share caring duties - a benefit to single parents or those who have to do shift work. However, there will be challenges, such as getting along, respecting each other's property, sharing common resources, conflicting parenting styles, and so on.
2) Extreme multi-generational families
Eventually, humans will start to live well into their hundreds, and they'll be as healthy as when they were half their age or even younger. Some "elderly" people may even choose to have offspring during their later years. Further in the future, humans could have brothers or sisters who are centuries older or younger. It's hard to imagine what family relations will be like when this happens.
3) Clone families
Assuming that human cloning will eventually be made safe and reliable, the public's misgivings about this potential reproductive practice will probably fade. And this could lead to families in which offspring are the clones of a parental donor, or some other donor such as a grandparent, a friend - or a celebrity. For the members of these families, it'll be the differences in their behaviour that will be more interesting than the similarities.
4) Robotic and artificially intelligent caregivers
Films like Spike Jonze's Her demonstrate the potential for intimate relationships between humans and artificial intelligence. But there's no reason to believe that children won't form similar bonds with machines, especially if these systems are specifically programmed for that purpose.
Future children will interact with their surrogate AI parents any number of ways. Using computers or hand-held devices, they'll be supervised, taught how to read and do match, play games and be entertained. A tidy summary of the day's events will be sent to the parents, along with a progress report. Eventually, human caregivers could be replaced by machines, but it'll be some time yet before we see robot nannies in our households.
9
• Cviceni
Questions related to the text - Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1. Caring for children will always be done by people.
2. In the future, there will be more people that will look alike.
3. People will have children at younger age.
0~" Klíč k řešení otázek
1. F
2. T
3. F
Studijní materiály:
Adapted from: http://io9.sizmodo.com/9-different-visions-of-what-families-will-look-like-50-l 717480917
Ö Vyklad
going to
Form: be + going to + verb Positive
I am (I'm) going to take you for a lunch tomorrow.
He is (He's)/She's/It's definitely going to surprise us.
We are (We're)/You're/They're going to go to New York next week.
Negative
I am not (I'm not) going to take you for a lunch tomorrow. He/She/It is not (isn't) definitely going to surprise us. We/You/They are not (aren't) going to go to New York next week.
Question
Are you going to take me for lunch tomorrow? Yes, I am. X No, I am not. Is he/she/it definitely going to surprise us? Yes, he/she/it is. X No, he/she/it is not. Where are we/you/they going to go next week?
Going to is used
for future plans and intentions,
when a speaker (speakers) has (have) already decided to do something.
Present Continuous Form: be + verb + ing
Positive
I am (I'm) getting married in October.
He is (He's)/She's/It's leaving on Friday.
We are (We're)/You're/They're meeting at 10 o'clock.
Negative
I am (I'm) not getting married in October.
He is not (isn't)/She isn't/It isn't leaving on Friday.
We are not (We aren't)/You aren't/They aren't meeting at 10 o'clock.
Question
Are you getting married in October?
Yes, I am. X No, I am not.
Is he/she/it leaving on Friday?
Yes, he/she/it is. X No, he/she/it is not.
What time are we/you/they meeting?
Present continuous is used
for future plans or arrangements;
to emphasize that a speaker (speakers) has (have) made the arrangements. Will / Shall
Form: will + infinitive I shall + infinitive
Positive
I will (I'll) carry that bag for you. He'll/She'll/It'll have the steak. You'll love the film!
We'll/You'll/They'll tell everybody where you are. Negative
Sorry, I will not (won't) carry that bag for you. He/She/It won't have the steak. You won't love the film!
We/You/They won't tell anybody where you are. Question
Will you carry that bag for me, please? Yes, I will. X No, I will not. What will he/she/it have? Shall I help you with your homework? Shall we eat out tonight?
Will is used
for instant decisions, promises, offers and / or suggestions. Shall is used
with I or we for offers and / or suggestions when they are questions.
• Cvičení
1) Complete the replies with a correct future form:
1. A: There's no milk.
B: Don't worry, I_(get) some.
2. A: Can we meet on Friday?
B: Sorry, I can't. I_(go) to London on Friday.
3. A: Can we have pizza for lunch?
B: No, we_(have) chicken. I've already put it in the oven.
4. A: Is that the phone? B: Yes, but don't get up. I
(answer) it.
5. A: She's put on a lot of weight! B: Yes, she's pregnant. She_
(have) a baby in August.
6. A: It's hot in here!
B:
I (open) the window?
0- Klíč ke cvičením
1. I'll get, 2. am going / am going to go, 3. are having / are going to have, 4. I'll answer, 5. is having / is going to have, 6. Shall I open.
Studijní materiály:
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s. 130 - 131. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 4: Peníze. Předpřítomný čas prostý, Minulý čas prostý.
Klíčové pojmy:
Money, ownership, phrasal verbs, present perfect, past simple
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se peněz a jejich vlastnictví,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ předpřítomný čas prostý, minulý čas prostý - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny I=> Výklad:
5 Ways to Become Rich
"Money makes the world go round," is a well-known idiom in English. It means that if you want to buy a house, travel round the world or study at a good college or university, you will need money and probably lots of it. So, how can you get more money, how can you become rich? Many people will give you lots of different advice. Below are five things you can do to make your bank account grow.
1. Save your money. Don't always spend the money you make on things you don't really need. If you spend three dollars on a cup of coffee every day at work, that's 15 dollars per week, or about 60 dollars a month. Over a year, that will cost you about 720 dollars, and over twenty years that will add up to 14,000 dollars.
2. Choose your friends carefully. Make friends who are rich or want to become rich like
you do. When you do this, you will learn more about how to make money. Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, gives this advice: "It's better to hang out with people better than you."
3. Find out what you love to do and then focus your time and energy on that. Steve Jobs, creator of Apple Computer, often talked about focus. You need to be so excited about what you do that it makes you get up early in the morning while other people are still sleeping.
4. Don't work. Robert Kiyosaki, the famous author of "Rich Dad Poor Dad," says that perhaps you should try to start your own successful business instead of working for someone else. Does that mean you should be the boss? No, he says, being a boss takes too much time and hard work. Pay someone to be the company boss for you. Very simply, you should first own a business and then make your money do all the work.
5. Start young and keep learning from your money mistakes. You are human and over time you will make many of them. But it's easier to lose ten thousand dollars when you are twenty-five than when you are sixty-five.
9
• Cviceni
Questions related to the text:
1. Travelling around the world costs more than studying at a college, a) True b) False c) Doesn't say
2. How can your friends help you to become rich?
a) They can help you to be careful.
b) They can teach you things about money.
c) You can hang out with them.
3. What does the article say about becoming rich?
a) You should get up early in the morning.
b) Thinking about money makes it difficult to fall asleep.
c) You should sleep more.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. c
2. b
3. c
Studijní materiály:
Adapted from: http://wwwMlthingstopicsxom/uploads/2/3/2/9/23290220/lesson-money-rich-r.pdf
l=> Vyklad
Present perfect simple (A) v. Past simple (B)
Form: have (has) + past participle v. regular and irregular verbs
Al) Present perfect simple
Unfinished actions that stalled in the past and continue to the present:
• I've known Julie for ten years (and I still know her).
Bl) Past simple
Finished actions:
• I knew Julie for ten years (but then she moved away and we lost touch). A2) Present perfect simple
A finished action in someone's life (when the person is still alive: life experience):
• My brother has been to Mexico three times. B2) Past simple
A finished action in someone's life (when the person is dead):
• My great-grandmother went to Mexico three times.
A3) Present perfect simple
A finished action with a result in the present:
• I've lost my keys! (The result is that I can't get into my house now). B3) Past simple
A finished action with no result in the present:
• I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible! (Now there is no result. I got new keys yesterday).
A4) Present perfect simple
With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today):
• I've seen John this week. B4) Past simple
With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):
• I saw John last week.
9
• Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences with a correct form of present perfect simple or past simple:
1. I_(tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he_(wander)
off into the forest and_(be) bitten by a snake.
2. Listen, Donna, I don't care if you_(miss) the bus this morning. You
_(be) late to work too many times. You are fired!
3. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he__
(never, see) the ocean.
4. How sad! George (dream) of going to California before he died, but he__
(not make) it. He__(seen, never) the ocean.
5. John, I can't believe how much you_(change)!
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. told, wandered, was, 2. missed, have been, 3. has never seen, 4. dreamt, didn't make, never saw, 5. have changed.
bid Studijní materiály:
• OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009.S. 132 -133. ISBN 9780194518895.
• http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-or-past-simple.htm
Kapitola 5: Životní změny. Předpřítomný čas průběhový.
Klíčové pojmy:
Life changes, career, present perfect continuous, adjectives
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se změn člověka v životě a kariéře,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ předpřítomný čas průběhový - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
I=> Vyklad:
From Riches to Rags
Fred Corbett lives in a hostel for the homeless and sells as many copies of the Big Issue (a magazine by homeless people) as he can. He earns about 30 pounds a week, which is not much. Yet only a few years ago Fred was a millionaire, living the good life. What went wrong? He tells us his story.
"When I was 18 years old my parents died in a car accident and I inherited their money I had no other family, and very few friends and so there was nobody I could really talk to about my grief. The only thing that seemed to help was spending money. When people learned how much money I had, they became really friendly. I began to realize that people only liked me for my money.
I bought a helicopter and many cars, but I crashed each of them. So, on the advice of my accountant I bought shares in Barings Bank. Maybe you can guess what happened next. Barings Bank went bankrupt, and I lost a fortune. I had some money left, just a couple of
hundred pounds, so of course I now had far less friends, because I had much less money. When I finally ran out of money, none of my so-called friends stood by me, so I was friendless, homeless, and penniless.
It's difficult to believe, but I'm much happier now that I'm so poor. I've made some of real friends at the hostel, Ken and Dave, and that's more important to me than anything else. What I've learned from my experience is that money can't buy you love!
• Cvičení
Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1. Fred invested very little of his money.
2. A few friends helped Fred when he ran out of money.
3. Fred has never made any real friends.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. F
2. F
3. F
Studijní materiály:
SOARS, Liz and John SOARS, 1998. Headway upper intermediate. Oxford university press, s. 98. ISBN 0-19-435800-3
I=> Vyklad
Form: have (has) been + verb + ing Positive
I have (I've) been living here for six months.
He has (He's)/She's/It's been working since this morning.
We have (We've)/You've/They've been going out together for three years.
Negative
I have not (haven't) been living here for six months.
He has not (hasn't)/She hasn't/It hasn't been working since this morning.
We haven't/You haven't/They haven't been going out together for three years.
Question
Have you been waiting for a long time?
Yes, I have. X No, I have not.
Has he/she/it been working since this morning?
Yes, he/she/it has. X No, he/she/it has not.
How long have we/you/they been learning English?
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? No, I've been cutting onions.
Present perfect continuous is used
for actions which have been going on very recently and they have usually just stopped,
for recent continuous actions with visible effects,
with for and since with action verbs (e.g. learn, go, etc.).
• Cvičení
1) Write these sentences in the present perfect continuous:
1. the cat / the mouse / chase —►
2. you / the homework / copy —> _
3. they / a new gadget / invent —>_
4. we / in a forum / chat / not —> \
5. Lucy / on the task / concentrate / not —>
2) Form questions in the present perfect continuous:
1. Kerry / paint —> T
2. the secretary / the documents / print out —►
3. they / a room / share —► \ _
4. the dog / run around / how long —► I
5. you / at the door / knock / how long —► \
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. The cat has been chasing the mouse. 2. You have been copying the homework. 3. They have been inventing a new gadget. 4. We have not been chatting in a forum. 5. Lucy hasn't been concentrating on the task.
1. How long has Kerry been painting? 2. How long has the secretary been printing out the documents? 3. How long have they been sharing a room? 4. How long has the dog been running around? 5. How long have you been knocking at the door?
Studijní materiály:
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s.132 - 133. ISBN 978019451889.
Kapitola 6: Novodobé způsoby. Stupňování přídavných jmen
ví Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se prostředků a způsobů dopravy a cestování,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ stupňování přídavných jmen - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
E> Vyklad:
The Family Who Turned Back the Clock
The Jones family have nine TV sets, six computers, three cars, and every domestic appliance. What would their life be like without them? Melanie Adams reports.
The Jones family have chosen to fill their home with every conceivable gadget. They have nine TV sets. All the children have their own PCs and CD players. Of course, there are all the usual appliances we all take for granted, such as the washing machine, tumble drier, dishwasher etc., but they also have an electric trouser press, two power showers, an Olympic-sized spa bath and Jacuzzi, three cars, and a music system which plays throughout the whole house.
What happens if all the props of modern living are removed? To help us find out, we asked the Joneses to turn back the clock fifty years and to switch off all their labour-saving gadgets and push-button entertainment for three days, including cars. The family, comprising Malcolm, 48, Carol, 43, and their four children Emma, 17, Richard, 14, Tamsin, 9, and Tom,
Klíčové pojmy:
Means of transport, travelling, comparatives and superlatives
were not enthusiastic, but agreed to try.
Old-fashioned meals, games and entertainment were planned for the evenings. After eating together at the kitchen table, they say playing cards, putting off doing the washing-up because they all hated doing that.
Carol was surprised at how long everything took. "By the time I had washed up the breakfast things and got back from walking the children to school, it was nearly lunchtime."
Although Carol found it quite difficult to get used to the length of time it took to do things, she enjoyed having a slower, more relaxed pace of life. Also, the lack of electronic entertainment had a dramatic effect on the children. They got on much better together and seemed to enjoy each other's company more, although they clearly believed that they were suffering.
"All sorts of things that we had put off doing got done," said Carol. "Bikes got mended, rooms tidied, bookshelves sorted, hamsters cleaned out. Tamsin and Tom started to play games together and even read stories to each other."
• Cvičení
Questions related to the text - Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1. In the past, everything took very long.
2. The Jones family were excited about the experiment.
3. The experiment showed the Jones how to spend more time together.
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. T
2. F
3. T
Bis Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, s.132 - 133.ISBN 9780194518895.
I=> Vyklad
Comparatives and Superlatives Form: Al) Comparatives - adjective + er or + r;
OR
A2) Comparatives - more + adjective
Bl) Superlatives - the + adjective + est or + st OR
B2) Superlatives - the + most + adjective
Comparatives are used to compare two things or two people, (e.g. She is taller than her husband.).
However, superlatives are used to compare or to show the difference between more than two things or more than two people, (e.g. Paris is the biggest city in France).
To form comparatives and superlatives it is necessary to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats".
For instance:
• "find" contains one syllable,
• but "finding" contains two syllables —find and ing. The rules to form comparatives and superlatives:
1. One syllable adjective ending in a silent 'e' — nice
• Comparative — add V — nicer
• Superlative — add 'st' — nicest
2. One syllable adjective ending in one vowel and one consonant — big
• Comparative — the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added —bigger
• Superlative — the consonant is doubled and 'est' is added—biggest
3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel — high, cheap
• Comparative — 'er' is added — higher, cheaper
• Superlative — 'est is added — highest, cheapest
4. A two syllable adjective ending in 'y' — happy
• Comparative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added — happier
• Superlative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'est' is added — happiest
5. Tow syllable or more adjectives without 'y' at the end — exciting
• Comparative — more + the adjective + than — more exciting than
• Superlative — more + the adjective + than — the most exciting
Examples:
• The River Nile is longer and more famous than the Thames.
• Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.
• Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
• This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.
!!! Watch out for these exceptions!!!
• good - better - the best
• bad - worse - the worst
• far —further — the furthest
• Cvičení
1) Choose an adjective to complete the sentences (not all of them are used): bad, boring, careful, crowded, delicious, difficult, easy, expensive, good, happy, heavy, hot, important, large, quickly, tall, young:
1. The weather in Africa is............than the weather in Europe.
2. This grammar topic is much......................than the previous one.
3. I'm............at mathematics than at English.
4. In some schools, 5 is a...............grade/ mark (známka) than 1.
5. A camel is not as............as a giraffe.
6. She's 10 minutes...............than her twin-sister.
7. Is it.................to be rich or to be poor?
8. My father drives...............than my mother.
9. An elephant is..............than a mouse, but much lighter than a blue whale.
10. She does not seem as..............now as before she got married.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. hotter, 2. easier / more difficult, 3. better/ worse, 4. worse, 5. tall, 6. older, 7. better, 8. better / worse, 9. heavier, 10. happy
Studijní materiály:
•   http://www.myenglishpages.com/site php files/grammar-lesson-comparatives-superlatives.php
Kapitola 7: Mobilní telefony, komunikační technologie. Must, Have to, Should.
Klíčové pojmy:
Mobiles, communication, modern technologies, must, have to, should
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se mobilních telefonů, komunikačních technologií a způsobů chování,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ must, have to, should - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny E> Výklad:
Mobile Phones: should they be banned in public places?
Many people have mixed feelings about the use of mobile phones in public places like restaurants and cinemas. Whereas they were almost unknown twenty years ago, these days they are part of everyone's life, and the world would now feel a strange place without them.
One of the strongest arguments in favour of banning mobile phones is the annoyance they cause other people. Although people are always asked to turn off their mobiles when they go to the cinema, you can be sure that the film you are watching will be interrupted by the sound of at least five ringing tones. What is more many people insist on continuing their conversation even though hundreds of people can hear them. For this reason many people would welcome a ban on mobile phones in places where they might irritate other people.
On the other hand, there are a number of arguments against such a ban. It is really difficult to stop people bringing their mobile phones into public places. Some people would see this as
an infringement of their rights, while other people would say they need them in case of an emergency. Perhaps the most important point is that, in spite of all the disadvantages, many people these days simply feel that they can't live without their mobile.
It seems that a ban on mobile phones would be pointless. People will always find a way round any ban. People should be discouraged from using them in places like restaurants, unless it is absolutely necessary, being aware that it's very bad manners to use them at certain times. However, there will always be someone who thinks their call is much more important than other people's peace and quiet.
• Cvičení
Questions related to the text - Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1. Everybody would agree with a ban on mobile phones.
2. Many people don't respect the privacy of other people.
3. A ban on mobile phones would solve the difficult situation.
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. F
2. T
3. F
Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG, 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, s.36 - 37. ISBN 9780194518895.
E> Výklad
Must
Form: must + infinitive
had to + infinitive (past)
will have to + infinitive (future)
Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They must be on time for class tomorrow - there's a test. 1/You/He/She/It/We/They must remember to phone her - it's her birthday today. I/You/He/She/It/We/They had to wear a uniform at primary school. I will (ril)/You'll/He'll/She'll/It'llAVe'll/They'll have to wait for them till tomorrow.
Negative
!!! DON'T USE MUSTN'T !!!
I do not (I don't)/You don't/We don't/They don't have to be on time for class tomorrow -there's no test.
He does not (He doesn't)/She doesn't/It doesn't have to wear a seatbelt in a car.
I did not (didn't)/You didn't/He didn't/She didn't/It didn't/We didn't/They didn't have to wear
a uniform at primary school.
I will not (won't)/You won't/He won't/She won't/It won't/We don't/They don't have to wait till tomorrow.
Question
Must FYou/He/She/It/We/They leave so soon?
Did FYou/He/She/It/We/They have to wear a uniform at primary school? Will 1/You/He/She/It/We/They have to wait for them till tomorrow?
Must
is more common for specific or personal obligations plans and intentions; is a modal verb and the only form is must; can also be used for strong recommendations.
Mustn't
is used for prohibitions;
I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't touch that. It's dangerous. I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't drive here. It's prohibited (against the law). I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't drink that water. It's not safe.
Have to
Form: have to (has to) + infinitive had to + infinitive (past) will have to + infinitive (future)
Positive
I/You/We/They have to wear a seatbelt in a car. He/She/It has to wait two hours at the border.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They had to hurry as there wasn't plenty of time.
I will (ril)/You'll/He'll/She'll/It'HAVe'll/They'll have to get up early tomorrow to catch the
plane.
Negative
I do not (don't)/You don't/We don't/They don't have to pay for the tickets. They're free. He does not (doesn't)/She doesn't/It doesn't have to wait two hours at the border. I did not (didn't)/You didn't/He didn't/She didn't/It didn't/We didn't/They didn't have to hurry as there was plenty of time.
I will not (won't)/You won't/He won't/She won't/It won't/We won't/They won't have to get up early tomorrow to catch the plane.
Question
Do Fyou/we/they have to work on Saturdays?
Yes, I/you/we/they do. X No, I/you/we/they do not.
Does he/she/it have to wear a seatbelt in a car?
Yes, he/she/it does. X No, he/she/it does not.
How long did I/you/he/she/it/we/they have to wait for them?
When will Fyou/he/she/it/we/they have to get up tomorrow?
Have to is
more common for general or external obligations (rules and laws); used in all tenses.
Should
Form: should + infinitive
Positive
I/You/He/She/ItAVe/They should go for a walk. It's nice out there. I/You/He/She/ItAVe/They should talk quietly in a public place. I/You/He/She/ItAVe/They should be all right when the problem is solved.
Negative
I  should  not  (shouldn't)/You   shouldn't/He   shouldn't/She  shouldn't/It shouldn't/We shouldn't/They shouldn't go swimming after a big meal. I think people who live in flats shouldn't have dogs. You shouldn't leave your car unlocked.
Question
Should I/You/He/She/It/We/They stay here and wait?
Yes, I/You/He/She/It/We/They should. X No, I/You/He/She/It/We/They should not.
Where should we go now?
How often should you take this medicine?
Should is
not as strong as must / have to;
used to say (or give opinion) that something is the right or wrong thing to do; used as advice or recommendation.
9 „
• Cviceni
1) Complete the sentences:
1. You
2. You
3. You
4. You
5. You
be at school at this time.
J skip school, it's bad for your education. It's also against the rules. _ get up so late or you might miss the train.
J take a bus, I'll drive you to school, go to bed earlier at night. You'd feel more relaxed in the morning.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. should, 2 mustn't, 3 shouldn't, 4 don't have to, 5 should.
Studijní materiály:
.   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG, 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s.135 -136.ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 8: Popisování osob, první dojem. Must, May, Might, Can't.
Klíčové pojmy:
Describing people, first impression, must, may, might, can't
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se popisu lidí a jejich fyzického vzhledu,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ must, may, might, cant - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
E> Vyklad:
First Impressions
There's an old saying that you never get a second chance to make a good first impression.
The fact is that when you first meet someone, he or she makes an unconscious judgement about you in just one second. Indeed when personnel consultants who hire people for large companies were surveyed, they revealed that they generally made a decision whether to hire a person within 30 seconds after the start of an interview.
Making a great first impression is essential to success in building sound personal relationships. In sales or business, the amount of influence you have over people is determined by your level of credibility, which is connected to how people feel about you. With regards to this, EVERYTHING counts. Everything that you do or don't do either adds to or takes away from your credibility - and your capacity to win someone over. The way you look on the outside - your physical appearance - plays a big role in how others judge you as a person. We generally assume that people make personal statements about
themselves by the way they choose to appear in public. The most obvious element of this is through clothing and hairstyle.
According to psychologists, your clothes and hair account for 95 per cent of the first impression that you make on others simple because, in most instances, these cover 95 per cent of your body. While it's difficult to affect your physical features, you do have total control over the way you dress and your grooming. You should therefore resolve to present yourself as a charismatic, influential person in all your business and professional activities. Take complete control over every detail of your personal appearance and grooming.
• Cvičeni
Questions related to the text:
1. What happens if a "good" person makes a bad first impression or vice versa?
2. In sales and business, people with good credibility have an advantage. Is this true or false?
3. Can physical appearance influence a person's credibility?
4. How can people control or affect their standing with others?
Klíč k řešení otázek
3lsl Studijní materiály:
JONES, Leo, 1997. New progress to first certificate, Student's Book. CUP. p. 113. ISBN 0 521 499852.
E> Výklad
Must
Form: must + infinitive
had to + infinitive (past)
1
2
3
4
it takes a long time to clear things up true
yes
body language
will have to + infinitive (future) Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They must be on time for class tomorrow - there's a test. 1/You/He/She/It/We/They must remember to phone her - it's her birthday today. I/You/He/She/It/We/They had to wear a uniform at primary school. I will (ril)/You'll/He'll/She'll/It'HAVe'll/They'll have to wait for them till tomorrow.
Negative
!!! DON'T USE MUSTN'T !!!
I/You/We/They do not (don't) have to be on time for class tomorrow - there's no test. He/She/It does not (doesn't) have to wear a seatbelt in a car.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn't) have to wear a uniform at primary school. I/You/He/She/It/We/They will not (won't) have to wait till tomorrow.
Question
Must I/You/He/She/It/We/They leave so soon?
Did 1/You/He/She/It/We/They have to wear a uniform at primary school? Will 1/You/He/She/It/We/They have to wait for them till tomorrow?
Must
is more common for specific or personal obligations plans and intentions; is a modal verb and the only form is must; can also be used for strong recommendations;
is used when a speaker (or speakers) is (are) sure that something is true or certain.
Mustn't
is used for prohibitions;
I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't touch that. It's dangerous. I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't drive here. It's prohibited (against the law). I/You/He/She/It/We/They mustn't drink that water. It's not safe.
May / Might
Form: may I might + infinitive
Positive
I'm not sure, but I/you/he/she/it/we/they may / might be right. He's interested in history, so he may / might like this book. They may / might arrive late if there's a lot of traffic.
Negative
I/you/he/she/it/we/they may not / might not be at home yet.
She may not / might not like that skirt. It's not her style.
Well, you haven't seen us for ages, so you may not / might not remember us.
Question
May / Might I/you/he/she/it/we/they be ready in a moment?
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they may. X No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they may not.
May I use your telephone?
Where might we find them?
May / Might are
used when a speaker (speakers) think that something is possible or not so certain; used as a form of deduction.
Can't
Form: cannot (can rt) + infinitive Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/They can't be the same person as the one from last week.
He can't be serious. He must be joking.
She looks very young. She can't be more than 16.
Really? They have to work on Christmas Day? They can't feel very happy about that. Can't is
is used when a speaker (speakers) is (are) sure that something (a situation, a context) is impossible or not true.
• Cvičení
1) Rewrite these sentences using must, may / might or can't:
1. I'm sure he is here -1 can see his car in front of the building. He T       1 be here. I can see his car in front of the building.
2. They're coming this week, but I don't know which day.
They L J be coming tomorrow.
3.   I'm not sure I'm going to pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.
J pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.
4. I've bought a lottery ticket. There's a chance I'll become a millionaire
I
become a millionaire!
5. I'm sure she doesn't speak French very well - she's only lived in Paris for a few weeks. She T        1 speak French very well. She's only lived in Paris for a few weeks.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. must, 2. may / might, 3. may not / might not, 4. may / might, 5. can't.
Studijní materiály:
.   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG, 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s.134 - 135. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 9: Pocity. Can, Could, Be able to.
Klíčové pojmy:
Abilities,skills, feelings, can, could, be able to
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se lidských dovedností, (ne)schopností, pocitů,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ can, could, be able to - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny I=> Výklad:
Can
Form: can + infinitive Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They can speak in many different languages. My grandmother can drive her car. Their friends can come and help us.
Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/They cannot (can't) do it. It's too difficult.
We can't play tennis.
She can't come tonight. She's ill.
Question
Can I/You/He/She/It/We/They do it?
Yes, I/You/He/She/It/We/They can. X No, I/You/He/She/It/We/They can't. Can you help me, please?
Can
is a modal verb;
is used to describe possibility or ability;
is also used to make a request (requests) and to give or ask for permission(s).
Could
Form: could + infinitive Positive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They could help them. She could play the violin when she was three.
Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/They could not (couldn't) wait, because they were in a hurry. They told me that they couldn't do anything about it.
Question
Could I/you/he/she/it/we/they wait till tomorrow?
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they could. X No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they could not. Could you open that door, please?
Could is
is used to describe past possibility or ability;
is also used to make a request (requests) and to give or ask for permission(s) - it is more formal than can in such contexts.
Be able to
Form: be + able to + infinitive
was I were + able to + infinitive (past) will + be + able to + infinitive (future) have (has) + been + able to + infinitive (present perfect)
Positive
I am (I'm) able to accept your invitation.
He is (He's)/She's/It's able to work independently, so no help is necessary. You are (You 're)/We' re/They 're able to give them some advice. I/He/She/It was able to arrive without any delay. You/We/They were able to learn something new.
I will (ril)/You'll/He'll/She'll/It'HAVe'll/They'll be able to tell you the information tomorrow. I have (I've)/You'veAVe've/They've been able to save some money lately. He has (He's)/She's/It's been able to communicate with us a lot recently.
Negative
Sorry, I am (I'm) not able to finish the report completely.
He is not (He isn't)/She isn't/It isn't able to provide us with the data.
You are not (You aren't)/We aren't/They aren't able to do the work properly.
I was not (wasn't)ZHe wasn't)/She wasn't/It wasn't able to find the right way.
You were not (weren't)AVe weren't/They weren't able to come on time.
I will not (I won't)/You won't/He won't/She won't/It won't/We won't/They won't be able to
keep the animals alive.
I have not (I haven't)/You haven't/We haven't/They haven't been able to pay them all the money back yet.
He has not (He hasn't)/She hasn't/It hasn't been able to show us that on our map. Question
Am I able to say that to you?
Is he/she/it able to guide us to our destination?
Are you/we/they able to complete the order immediately?
Was Fhe/she/it able to move to a different place?
Were you/we/they able to dance with a broken a leg?
Will Fyou/he/she/it/we/they be able to send any messages?
Have I/you/we/they been able to study a lot recently?
Has he/she/it been able to work without any problems lately?
Be able to
is used to talk about ability;
can be used in the present, past, future, present perfect, and as a gerund or infinitive;
in the present and past, it is more formal than can / could.
Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences with the correct form of be able to:
1. She_send any email since lunchtime.
2. He_do his homework until tomorrow.
3. _you_come to our wedding? It's next month.
4. After they saved enough money, they__buy a new car.
5. It is so foggy today that we_see the car behind us.
6. I_find a flat yet. I'm still looking.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. hasn't been able to, 2. won't be able to, 3. Will you be able to, 4. were able to, 5. aren't able to, 6.1 haven't been able to
bid Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG, 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, s. 134 - 135. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 10: Vzdělávání. První kondicionál.
Klíčové pojmy:
Education, educational system, conditionals, first conditional
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se vzdělávání a výchovy,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ první kondicionál (první typ podmínkových vět) - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
1=) Vyklad:
First Impressions
There's an old saying that you never get a second chance to make a good first impression. The fact is that when you first meet someone, he or she makes an unconscious judgment about you in just one second. Indeed when personnel consultants who hire people for large companies were surveyed, they revealed that they generally made a decision whether to hire a person within 30 seconds after the start of an interview.
Making a great first impression is essential to success in building sound personal relationships. In sales or business, the amount of influence you have over people is determined by your level of credibility, which is connected to how people feel about you. With regards to this, EVERYTHING counts. Everything that you do or don't do either adds to or takes away from your credibility - and your capacity to win someone over. The way you look on the outside - your physical appearance - plays a big role in how others judge you as a person. We generally assume that people make personal statements about themselves by the way they choose to appear in public. The most obvious element of this is through clothing and hairstyle.
According to psychologists, your clothes and hair account for 95 per cent of the first impression that you make on others simple because, in most instances, these cover 95 per cent of your body. While it's difficult to affect your physical features, you do have total control over the way you dress and your grooming. You should therefore resolve to present yourself as a charismatic, influential person in all your business and professional activities. Take complete control over every detail of your personal appearance and grooming.
• Cvičení
Questions:
1. What happens if a "good" person makes a bad first impression or vice versa?
2. In sales and business, people with good credibility have an advantage. Is this true or false?
3. Can physical appearance influence a person's credibility?
4. How can people control or affect their standing with others?
0~" Klíč k řešení otázek
1 it's hard to correct it
2 true
3 yes
4 using body language
Studijní materiály:
JONES, Leo, 1997. New progress to first certificate, Student's Book. CUP. s. 114. ISBN 0 521 499852
I=> Výklad
First Conditional
Form: If+ subject + present simple +..., subject + will + infinitive +...
Positive
If I win a lot of money, I will (I'll) buy a new car.
If he goes by car, it'll be quicker.
They will get married if they find a place to live.
Negative
If you don't do more work, you'll fail the exam.
She'll be late for work if she doesn't hurry up.
If they don't invite us to the party, we'll be really upset.
Question
Will he help me if he has time?
What will you do if she finds out about the problem?
Where will your parents move if they sell their house?
The first conditional
is used to talk about a present situation (condition) and its possible effect in the future; is also used with unless=if not (I won't go unless she invites me=I won't go if she doesn't invite me).
• Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences with the present simple or will:
1. If I see Emma, I_(tell) her you are looking for her.
2. You won't be able to park unless you_(get) there early.
3. He won't like curry if he_(not like) spicy food.
4. If they find out what he's done, they_(be) furious.
5. Unless she_(work) harder, she won't pass the final exam.
6. If we_(not book) in advance, we won't get a table in the restaurant.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. I'll tell, 2. get, 3. doesn't like, 4. will be, 5. works, 6. don't book.
Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s. 136 - 137. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 11: Formální a neformální psaní. Druhý kondicionál.
Klíčové pojmy:
Housing, communication, formal letters and mails, second conditional
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se bydlení, domů a formálního i neformálního psaní (komunikace),
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ druhý kondicionál (druhý typ podmínkových vět) - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny E> Výklad:
Dear Jack/ Sir or Madam
I am writing / This is just a note to confirm a reservation that was made /1 asked you for
this morning by telephone. The reservation, for a couple of / two nights, if for me / myself, David Cook.
I want / would like a room with a bathroom, from 12-14 July inclusive. I will be attending I'm going to pop into the Trade Fair that is being held/is going on in Bristol that week.
Is it all right / Would it be possible for me to have a room at the back of the hotel? I think/ am afraid that the room I was given / you gave me last year was rather / really noisy.
Thank you / Thanks for sending me the brochure about / regarding your conference facilities, which I got / received this morning. They look most interesting / great. Unfortunately/ I'm sorry I can't give you / am unable to provide you with any definite dates at the moment / now, as / because we have yet to finalize / sort out the details of our sales conference. But / However, I will contact you / '11 drop you a line as soon as I can / possible.
I look /'m looking forward to meeting you on 12 July. Best wishes / Yours faithfully
• Cvičení Vyberte fráze vhodné pro formální dopis
Klíč k řešení otázek
I am writing, was made, two, myself, would like, I will be attending, is being held, would it be possible for me, I was given, rather, thank you, regarding, received, most interesting, unfortunately, am unable to provide you with, now, as, finalize, However, I will contact you, possible, I'm looking, Yours faithfully
SH Studijní materiály:
•   OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. S.104. ISBN 9780194518895.
E> Výklad
Second Conditional
Form: If + subject + past simple +..., subject + would (could) + infinitive +...
Positive
If I had more time, I would (I'd) learn another language.
If she spoke English, she'd get a job in a hotel.
They would build a new house if they earned more money.
We could have a dog if we had a garden.
If I were you, I'd tell her the truth.
Negative
I would not (I wouldn't) buy that house if I were you.
She'd travel more if she didn't have children.
I think they'd be happier if they didn't live alone.
If he didn't have to look after his mother, he could enjoy life more.
I'd be very surprised if you didn't get lost on the way here.
Question
Would you help me if you had time?
What would you do if you were me?
Where would they live if they got the job abroad?
How would she feel if she lost all her friends?
How much money would we spend if we could buy anything we liked?
The second conditional
is used to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequence;
is also used with unless=if not (I wouldn't call him unless he gave me his number=I
wouldn't call him if he didn't give me his number);
is used to give advice with the phrase If I were you, I'd . . .
• Cvičení
1) Complete the sentences with the past simple or would:
1. If you_(speak) to your boss, I'm sure he'd understand.
2. It_(be) better for me if we met tomorrow.
3. She_(not treat) him like that if she really loved him.
4. What would you do in this situation if you_(be) me?
5. He would be more attractive if he_(wear) nicer clothes.
6. If you_(stop) smoking, you would feel better.
Klíč k řešení otázek
1. spoke, 2. would be, 3. wouldn't treat, 4. were, 5. wore, 6. stopped.
bid Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, 2009. s.56 - 57. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 12: Přátelství a vztahy. Usually, used to.
Klíčové pojmy:
Friendship, relationships, usually, used to
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se mezilidských vztahů a přátelství,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ usually, used to - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny I=> Výklad:
She ate our fish!
Moving to Blades Farm deep in the Oxfordshire countryside 3 years ago should have been a dream come true for the Thompsons. But it wasn't. Oxford County Court heard yesterday how arguments with their neighbor, Sharon Hill, 63, had led to a cycle of hatred and violence. At first the Thompsons found Miss Hill friendly, if slightly eccentric. However, a shared driveway to both their houses soon led to the first disagreement. Miss Hill became increasingly unhelpful about keeping the drive clear, often leaving her car parked there and forcing the Thompsons to carry bags of shopping 50 metres to their house. This was followed by a dispute over land. When Miss Hill replaced a fence between the two properties, the Thompsons accused her of stealing a strip of land from them. Then she bought a large Alsatian dog, which Mrs Thompson claims has attacked her on more than one occasion. The last straw came when some fish disappeared from a pond in the Thompsons s garden. "We thought they could have been stolen by a cat or a bird," said Mr Thompson, "but that evening she had a barbecue in her garden and she kept shouting to us that she'd got some lovely fish. I know they were our fish. She's completely mad."
The Thompsons want to move but are unable to sell their house while the feud continues.
They are now seeking 65,000 pounds compensation from Miss Hill for the loss in value of their home.
9
• Cvičení
Decide whether the sentences are true or false:
1. Everything started because of the fish.
2. Miss Hill wants the Thompsons to pay 65,000 pounds.
3. Mrs Thompson was attacked by Miss Hill's dog.
Klíč k řešení otázek
Key: IF, 2F, 3T
bN Studijní materiály:
MAC ANDREW, Richard. 2003. Instant Discussions. London, Helbling languages, UK. s.43, ISBN: 9780759396302
Vyklad
Usually
Form: Subject + usually + verb
III Subject + tobe + usually III
Positive
I/You/We/They usually get up at seven o'clock.
He/She/It usually sends the messages correctly.
!!! I am (I'm) usually hungry and thirsty in the morning.
!!! He is (He's)/She's/It's usually tired after a long activity.
!!! You are (You 're)/We' re/They 're usually friendly with other people.
Negative
I/You/We/They don't usually go out during the week. He/She/It doesn't usually show anything on the map. !!! I'm not usually keen on trying new things.
!!! He is not (He isn't)/She isn't/It isn't usually at home at the weekend.
!!! You are not (You aren't)/We aren't/They aren't usually happy with the situation.
Question
Do Fyou/we/they usually walk to work every day?
Does he/she/it usually have any problems?
Is he/she/it usually happy or sad?
Are you/we/they usually good at sports?
Usually
is used for present habits and / or states (usually / normally + present simple); Used to
Form: used to + infinitive Positive
I used to drink alcohol, but then I stopped.
We used to be close friends, but we don't see each other anymore.
He used to go out with her when they were at school.
They used to live in this house, but then they moved away.
Negative
I did not (didn't) use to be happy, but that changed. She didn't use to have fair hair. She had dark hair before.
You didn't use to know many people around here, but you know everybody now. They didn't use to like us and we didn't use to like them, but we're best friends.
Question
Did you use to wear glasses?
Yes, I did. X No, I didn't.
What did he use to do when he was a small child?
Did they use to play any games before?
Where did you use to put your money in the past?
Used to
is used for past habits;
is used for things that were true over a period of time in the past (it usually refers to something which is not true now);
can be used with action verbs (e.g. wear, go out) and non-action verbs (be, have).
• Cvičení 1) Complete the sentences with used to and a verb:
1. Jane_(live) in London, but she moved somewhere else last year.
2. _you_(have) a moustache? You look different.
3. I_(not like) my boss, but now we get on quite well.
4. Where_you_(work) before you started with this company?
5. When I lived in Paris, I always_(have) breakfast in a cafe.
6. _you_(argue) with your parents when you were a teenager?
7. She_(not be) so slim. In fact, she was quite overweight before.
0- Klíč k řešení otázek
1. used to live, 2. Did you use to have, 3. didn't use to like, 4. did you use to work, 5. used to have, 6. Did you use to argue, 7. didn't use to be.
bid Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, p.167. s.60. ISBN 9780194518895.
Kapitola 13: Jobs; příprava na test
Klíčové pojmy:
Jobs, employment, occupation
Cíle kapitoly:
■ seznámení se a osvojení slovní zásoby týkající se práce a pracovního trhu,
■ aplikace slovní zásoby v praxi - dialogy, samostatný projev,
■ opakování vybraných gramatických jevů - jejich formy a použití.
Čas potřebný ke studiu kapitoly: 4 hodiny
I=> Vyklad
From librarian to political reporter... in a month!
How Jessica went from working in a local library to interviewing politicians onTV in just 28 days
1
The Pretenders is a very successful and popular TV series. In each programme there is a contestant who has just four weeks to learn to do a completely new job. At the end of the month the contestant has to do a test, where he or she has to do the new job together with three other real professionals. A panel of three judges has to decide which of the four people is pretending to be a professional. Sometimes they spot who is pretending, but sometimes they don't.
2
Jessica Winters is a 26-year-old librarian who lives in Southampton with her parents. She studied English Literature at the University of Bath before getting a job in her local library. She didn't know it, but two of her friends sent her name to the TV company to take part in The Pretenders. "When someone from the programme phoned me, I thought it was a joke," said Jessica. First of all I said no, but they asked me to think about it. In the end my friends and family persuaded me to say yes."
3
Jessica had four weeks to turn from a quiet, shy librarian into a confident TV reporter. At the end of the month she had to do her final test. This was a live TV interview with the Minister of Education. She had to try to make the judges think that she really was a professional reporter.
4
An experienced political journalist, Adam Bowles, and ex-MP Sally Lynch had the job of transforming Jessica. When they first met her, they were not very optimistic. "Jessica needs to be a lot tougher. She's much too sweet and shy," said Adam. "Politicians will eat her alive. They had just 20 days to teach her to be a reporter.
5
Jessica had to spend the month in London. She was completely isolated from her family and friends - she could only talk to them on the phone. The training was very hard work. She had to learn how to interview people, how to look more confident, how to speak clearly. She also
had to learn about the world of politics. "I'm feeling really nervous," said Jessica. "I'm terrified of the idea of being on TV. Also I've never been interested in politics - I don't know anything about it -1 didn't even vote in the last elections."
• Cvičení
Read the text and put these heading in the right place:
The challenge    The contestant      The teachers    The training      The programme
0-" Key
1 The programme, 2 The contestant, 3 The challenge, 4 The teachers, 5 The training
bid Studijní materiály:
OXENDEN, Clive a Christina LATHAM-KOENIG. 2009. New English file: Intermediate. Student's book. Oxford University Press, p.167. s.60. ISBN 9780194518895.
I=> Výklad
SO x SUCH x SUCH A
tak: so + přídavné jméno, + vazby so much / so many
I love you so much. There were so many people, you are so kind, such a + počitatelné podstatné jméno v jednotném čísle
It was such a long journey. She is such a kind person such + nepočitatelné podst. jméno / počitatelné v mn. čísle They are such nice people.
Neither x so, me too x me neither
Vyjádření souhlasu s kladnou větou - Já taky I like it very much. - Me too
So + pomocné sloveso + podmět - So do I Možnosti: So did she, So can we, So am I, So have they etc.
Vyjádření souhlasu se zápornou větou: Já taky ne I don't like it. - Me neither
Neither + pomocné sloveso + podmět Neither did she. Neither was I. Neither has she. etc.
Příklady:
„We weren't very happy with the results." „Neither was I."
„I can stand on my head." „ So can he."
„I didn't have enough money." „ Neither did we."
„Samantha has to practise the piano every day." „So do they."
„I had to work very hard yesterday." „ So did we."
„Tom may go to Prague tomorrow evening." „So may she."
„I haven't had anything to eat all day." „Neither has he."
„I have never seen Star Wars." „So have I."
„I won't speak to her again." „Neither will they."
• Cvičení
a) doplňte so, such, such a
1. There is no_word as 'gat'. 2.1 like John and Anna. They are_nice couple.
3. Look at all the left-over food!_waste! 4. They didn't expect_large number
of guests. 5. There isn't enough room for_many people! 6. I think you shouldn't get
up_late if you want to catch the bus in the morning. 7. I'd like to have_large
house, too. 8. The movie was_long that we missed the last bus home. 9. It was
_terrible weather that we had to stay in all day. 10. I didn't expect the weather to be
_cold.
b) Vyjádřete souhlas Mix:
1 ) They have a house. ...
2 ) He has not seen it. ...
3 ) He went there. ... 4)1 will help you. ...
5 ) We are students. ...
6 ) She must write her homework. ...
7 ) I do not have to go home. ...
8 ) They mustn't be there. ...
9 ) Tina can cook. ...
10 ) He has seen that film ...
Klíč k řešení otázek
a) 1 such, 2 so, 3 such, 4 so, 5 so, 6 so, 7 such a, 8 so, 9 such a, 10 so
b)
1 So do I
2 So have I
3 So did I
4 So will I
5 So am I
6 So must I
7 Neither do I
8 Neither must I
9 So can I
10 So have I
Studijní materiály:
•   MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English : with answers. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, x, 380 s. p. 204 - 205. ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4.